Chlater 4.2 Biodiversity Flashcards
Species richness ?
1
- number of different species in a community
Species evenness ? (1)
- comparison of abundance of different species in habitat
What are the 3 Kinds of biodiversity ?
3
- habitat biodiversity
- species biodiversity
- genetic biodiversity
What’s an example of random sampling ?
2
- names of 25 workers chosen out of hat of 250 workers ( random )
- randomly generated coordinates & sampling sites randomly selected.
What’s opportunistic sampling? Advantage Disadvantage Example (4)
- researcher makes decision based on prior knowledge
- advantage : easier and quicker than random sampling
- disadvantage:biased ( attracted to interesting areas =large or colourful species )
- “tigers seen in north of the forest so we will sample there ,”
What’s stratified sampling?
Advantage ?
Example ?
(3)
- divide habitats into areas which look different and sample each area separately
- ensures all areas of habitat are sampled
- “divide swimmers into age groups and sample each age group ,”
What’s systematic sampling ? Advantage Disadvantage Example (4)
- samples taken at fixed intervals across habitat
- useful when habitats shows gradient of environmental factor( drier further away )
- only species on line or within belt recorded = species missed ? UNDERESTIMATE
- example : belt transect
Why is sampling important?
3
- provides estimates
- whole pop = too time consuming
- samples = representative
What does a high Simpson’s diversity index mean ?
4
- high species evenness / richness
- high biodiversity
- stable habitat
- many species present
Why is important to conserve “ certain animal ,” ?
7
- heritage
- maintains biodiversity
- interdependence and food chain
- ecotourism
- moral reasons
- religious reasons
- aesthetic reasons
Why is ex situ a good idea ?
6
- protected from posher and poaching
- health can be maintained
- population divided and so can survive disasters
- selective breeding (IVF)
- research and conservation
- awareness, money , education
How to improve sampling ?
4
- collect in different weather & wider area
- collect at different times of the day
- method to avoid recounting
- capture -recapture
What’s should a company consider when building ? EQS ?
6
- biodiversity / rare and endangered species
- rarity of habitats
- effect of reduction in size
- minimal impact
- pollution effects
- relocation of population
How do you sample an area ?
6
- unbiased method
- sample many times & find mean
- standard sweeping procedure
- ensure specimens don’t escape
- prevent recounting
- sample at different times of year , day , month
What’s the natural selection procedure ?
4
- characteristic or mutation occurs
- environment applies selective pressures
- they have a selective advantages
- desirable characteristics passed on to next generations
What’s it CITES ?
Aims ?
(1)
(3)
-CITES =convention of international trade in endangered species
-aims :
•regulate and monitor trade
•ensure international trade doesn’t effect survival populations in the wild
•less endangered species = allowed to trade
What’s the Rio convention aims ?
3
- conservation of biodiversity
- sustainable use of components
- share knowledge and technology
Why are seed banks good ?
One negative ?
(5)
- easy to store / numerous seeds
- less likely to be destroyed with diseases and pests
- less harm to environment
- negative : eventually seeds mutate and change
- plants take up too much rooms
What’s does critically endangered mean ?
2
- likely to become extinct
- numbers not sustainable
- numbers drop bellows 10% of original pop - more than 90% decrease
- numbers too low for survival of species
What are the implications of reduction in biodiversity in crops and farming , example ?
(3)
- monoculture = no genetic variation
- agriculture demands change
- more likely to be wipe out by disease
Why do we need variation ?
3
- population more likely to survive if there is variation
- drive evolution.
- interdependence within species and habitats
What’s does species evenness show ?
3
- measure abundance and is more Quantitative than species richness
- high species evenness = high biodiversity
- used to calculate Simpson’s diversity index
How does selective breeding work ?
- (6)
1-cross breed two individuals with desirable characteristics
2-test offspring for disease
3-selects best offspring
4-interbreed & continue for generations
5-regularly back cross with other populations to stop breeding close relatives
6-preserve rare varieties ( needed for future )
What equipment could you use to sample insect and animals ?
5
- tullgren funnel ( leaf litter )
- pitfall traps ( small insects )
- longworth traps ( small mammals )
- sweep nets ( insects )
- hit Tree with stick ( small insects )
