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BIOLOGY AS OCR > Chapter 4.1 Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Chapter 4.1 Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s a pathogen ?

1

A

A microorganism that causes disease

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2
Q

What are the 4 main pathogens?

4

A
  • bacteria
  • Fungi
  • virus
  • protoctista
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3
Q

What is the pathogen life cycle ?

4

A
  • transmission
  • enter hosts tissues
  • reproduce
  • leaves hosts tissues
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4
Q

Name the types of direct message transmission ?

4

A
  • direct physical contact
  • fecal-oral transmission
  • Droplet infection
  • spores
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5
Q

What are some social factors that effect the spread of disease?
(5)

A
  • overcrowding
  • poor ventilation
  • poor health and diet
  • homelessness
  • living and working with people who migrated from areas where the disease was high
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6
Q

What is the life cycle of plasmodium ?

7

A 
1- female anopheles mosquito sucks blood
2-plasmodium migrates to the salivary glands of the mosquito 
3-uninflected person bitten 
4-plasmodium migrates to liver 
5-plasmodium migrates to blood
6-a person with malaria 
7-gametes of Plasmodium in blood
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7
Q

Direct Transmission of plant pathogens?

3

A

1- entering roots
2-spores
3-fruit seeds / leaves

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8
Q

Why indirect transmission of pathogens in plants?

A
  • insect attack
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9
Q

In what climate are pathogen easily spread ?

1

A

WARM / MOIST conditions

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10
Q

What is Callose ?

A

Large polysaccharide deposit which blocks Old phloem sieve tubes .

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11
Q

What is Tylose?

A

Balloon like swelling or projection which fills the Xylem Vessel

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12
Q

What are the physical defensive of a plant ?

7

A
  • cellulose cell wall
  • lignin
  • waxy cuticle
  • bark
  • stomata closure
  • Callose
  • tylose
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13
Q

What are the chemical defenders of a plant ?
DAPHT
(5)

A
  • defensins
  • Alkaloids
  • phenols
  • hydrolytic enzyme
  • terpenoids
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14
Q

What’s a terpenOID ?

Oid ?

A
  • essential oil ( antibacterial / antifungal)
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15
Q

What’s a phEnol?
(3)
Alcohol - chemical ?

A

Release chemicals which deactivate enzymes ie : tyrpsin

Tannins - inhibit arrack by insect

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16
Q

What’s an alkaloid ?

3

A
  • bitter taste ie: caffeine
  • stops animals from eating it
  • inhibits protein synthesis
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17
Q

What’s a defensin ?
(3)

DETOL LIKE

A
  • small cysteine rich proteins

- antimicrobial

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18
Q

What’s a hydrolytic enzyme ?

A

-ie :chitinase break down cell walls !

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19
Q

What are the ACTIVE defences of a plant ?

6

A
  • increasing physical defences
  • cell wall thickened
  • deposition of Callose
  • Oxidative bursts
  • production of chemicals
  • Necrosis
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20
Q

What’s Necrosis ?

1

A
  • deliberate cell suicide
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21
Q

Primary defended against disease ( non specific ) ?

8

A 
1-skin 
2-blood clotting and skin repair 
3-mucous membranes 
4-coughing and sneezing 
5-inflammation 
6-other 
Ie :
>eyes ( antibodies /enzymes in tears)
>ear wax
>female reproductive system ( mucous plug and acidic conditions in Vagina)
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22
Q

Outline how the skin is a defence ?

6

A
  • physical barrier
  • epidermis BASE ( keratinocytes- which divide by Mitosis )
  • when keratinocytes migrate to the TOP :
  • cytoplasm dries out and is replaced with KERATIN
  • KERATINISATION
  • so layer of top cells = DEAD
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23
Q

How does a blood clot form ?

10

A

1-injury to blood vessel release clotting factors
2-platelets join up=collagen
3-prothrombin —> thrombin ( enzyme )
4-thrombin turns
Soluble fibrinogen—> insoluble Fibrin
5-Fibrin attaches to platelets=clot
6-RBC/ platelets trapped inside clot = PLATELET PLUG
7-enzyme cascade rises
8-clot dries out > shrinks > draws sides of cuts together
9-stem cells divide >new cells > new skin
10- repaired !

24
Q

How does the inflammatory response occur ? 5

A

1-mast cell detects microorganism
2-Histamine —> releases ( capillary wall is more permeable )
3-Vasodilation/phagocytosis ( phagocytes move to blood plasma )
4-production of tissue fluid increases as phagocytes and blood plasma enter tissue
5-OEDEMA ( swelling )

25
Q

What are Opsonins ?

A

Antibodies that act as handles

26
Q

How do neutrophils remove pathogens ?

5

A
  • bind to opsonin attached to antigen
  • engulf pathogen (endocytosis)
  • lysosomes Fuse to phagosome
  • lytic enzyme released
  • after digestion , harmless products absorbed
27
Q

Why are macrophages important?

2

A
  • travel in blood as monocytes and are able to be ANTIGEN PRESENTER CELLS = specific immune response
28
Q

What do APCS DO ?

1

A

Increase the chance of antigen coming in contact with B /T lymphocyte

29
Q

Outline the specific immune response ?

3

A

1-activation of B/T cells = CLONAL SELECTION
2-production of antibodies combat specific antigen
3-hormones cytokines stimulate differentiation , activity if macrophages B and T cells

30
Q

What’s an antibody ?

A

Specific protein released by plasma cells that can attach to pathogenic antigens

31
Q

What does a B memory cell do ?

A
  • remain in blood for long time and provide long term immunity
32
Q

What does an interleukin do ?

A

It’s a signalling molecule which is used to communicate between WBCs

33
Q

What does a plasma cell do ?

A

Manufacturer ANTIBODIES

34
Q

What are the 4 T cells produces in immune response?

4

A
  • helper
  • killer
  • memory
  • regulator
35
Q

What does a t helper cell do ?

A
  • released cytokines to stimulate immune response
36
Q

What does a T killer cell do?

A
  • attack and kill host cells
37
Q

What does a T memory cell do ?

A
  • long term immunity
38
Q

What does a T regulator cell do ?

A
  • shut down immune response after pathogen is removed
39
Q

What 2 B cells are produced in the immune response ?

A
  • plasma cells

- B memory cells

40
Q

What 3 chemicals are used in cell signalling.

A
  • interleukin-stimulate clonal expansion
  • Interferons -inhibits virus replication
  • Monokines - attract neutrophils ( CHEMOTAXIS )
41
Q

Outline activation clonal selection ?
3 main
3 details

A
  • invading pathogen = specific antigens detected by T/B lymphocytes
  • contact achieved when pathogenic cells enter lymph nodes or by action of APC
  • CLONAL EXPANSION - correct lymphocyte activated and increases in number ( MITOSIS )
42
Q

What are the 3 types of antibody ?
And what do they act as ?
(6)

A
  • opsonins(handle )
  • agglutins (glue - cross link pathogens )
  • antitoxin ( make toxins harmless)
43
Q

What’s the structure of an antibody ?

6

A
  • 2 x light polypeptide chains
  • 2x heavy polypeptide chain
  • disulphide Bridges
  • variable region for antigen binding
  • constant region
  • Hinge region
44
Q

What’s a vaccination ?

A

A way of stimulating immune response so immunity is achieved

45
Q

What can vaccines be made of ?

5

A
  • whole live not as harmful organisms
  • weak pathogens
  • dead pathogen
  • TOXOID ( harmless version of toxin)
  • preparation of ANTIGENS from pathogen
46
Q

What is RING VACCINATION?

A

Everyone around the site of the outbreak is vaccinated !

47
Q

HERD VACCINATION ?

A

Enough people vaccinated to provide her immunity .

48
Q

How do we control epidemics ?

3

A
  • vaccination
  • research
  • monitor
49
Q

What are the 4 different types of immunity?

4

A
  • natural active/passive

- Artificial active / passive

50
Q

Name natural active immunity?

A
  • immune system first hand response to pathogen
51
Q

Example of passive active ?

2

A
  • placenta ( mum to baby )

- breast milk

52
Q

Example of artificial active ?

1

A
  • VACCINATION
53
Q

Example of Artificial passive?

2

A

Snake bite ( antibodies injected into system )

54
Q

How was penicillin found ?

A
  • Alexander Fleming accidental discovery

- the fungus released compounds which killed bacteria !

55
Q

Examples of traditional remedies?

3

A
  • morphine sap from poopy seed
  • opium (poppy seeds )
  • Willow bark ( ASPIRIN )
56
Q

Wildlife observations help medicine ?

4

A
  • monkeys used CITRIC ACID = insecticide / antiseptic

- medicinal leaves in bird nests ( protect form blood sucking mites )

57
Q

What can research into pathogens accomplish ?

4

A
  • binding site for pathogen / virus / HIV = blocked ! Then it won’t have access to cells
  • blocking DRUGS = stops virus from binding to receptor

BIOLOGY AS OCR (12 decks)

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