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BIOLOGY AS OCR > Chapter 3.2 Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Chapter 3.2 Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we need a transport system ?

5

A
  • diffusion isn’t enough
  • larger organisms = diffusion distance is tooo long
  • size
  • SA:v —> large animals have small SA:V ratio
  • level of metabolic activity = high
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2
Q

What are the features of a good transport system ?

5

A
  • fluid to carry nutrient
  • pump
  • exchange surfaces
  • tubes and vessels
  • two circuits
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3
Q

What’s a single circularity system ?

1

A
  • blood flows though the heart once for each circuit of the body
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4
Q

What’s the circulation in a fish ?

4

A
  • hear—> gills—> Body-> heart
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5
Q

What’s a double circulatory system?

1

A
  • blood flows through he heart twice for each circuit of the body
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6
Q

What are the advantages of a double circulatory system ?

3

A
  • heart can maintain Blood pressure / change it according to needs
  • pulmonary = low pressure & systemic circulation=higher pressure
  • high pressure delivery of oxygenated blood = QUICK & EFFICIENT
  • oxygenate blood reaches tissues undiluted
  • deoxygenated & oxygenated blood kept separately for high conc gradient
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7
Q

Where to arteries carry blood ?

1

A

Away from heart

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8
Q

Where do veins carry blood ?

1

A

Towards heart

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9
Q

What’s an open circulatory system ?

1

A
  • system in which blood isn’t kept in vessels
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10
Q

What’s a closed circulatory system ?

1

A
  • blood is kept in vessels
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11
Q

What is the circulatory system in an insect?

5

A
  • open circulatory system
  • long muscular tube acts as heart ( just under upper surface )
  • Ostia = small holes / pores = blood supply ( blood comes from body )
  • long muscular tube = PERASTALSIS - to transport blood to head
  • blood released to body cavity near head
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12
Q

How are insects circulation effected ?

1

A
  • body movement.
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13
Q

What’s are the advantage of a closed system ?

3

A
  • blood pressure is high so blood flow is high
  • circulation doesn’t depend on body movements
  • rapid delivery of O 2 and removal of waste
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14
Q

Structure of artery?

6

A
  • small lumen
  • Tunica intima ( elastic layer)
  • tunica media ( Stretch and recoil )
  • tunica adventia ( thick layer of collagen )
  • more smooth muscle & elasticity fpr stretch and recoil
  • folded endothelium - to allow artery to expand & maintain pressure
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15
Q

What does elastic tissue do ?

1

A

-stretch and recoil to accommodate pressure

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16
Q

What does collagen do ?

1

A
  • prevents over stretching
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17
Q

What’s the order of vessels From and to the heart ?

5

A
  • artery - arterioles- capillary -venules-veins
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18
Q

What’s an arterioles and how do they work ?

2

A

1 layer smooth muscle

  • reduce blood flow elsewhere to blood flow can increase in respiring tissue !
  • constriction of arterioles diverts blood to area of repairing tissue ! Yeah
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19
Q

Structure of capillary ?

4

A
  • thin walls
  • one layer of endothelium
  • narrow lumen
  • leaky walls
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20
Q

Structure of vein ?

3

A
  • thin layer of elastic fibre , muscle
  • large lumen
  • VALVES
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21
Q

What’s hydrostatic pressure ?

1

A
  • pressure exerted by fluid by pushing against the side of the vessel& container
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22
Q

What’s oncotic pressure ?

A
  • pressure created by dissolved solutes
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23
Q

Where is hydrostatic pressure created ?

A
  • ventricles
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24
Q

What’s does plasma contain ?

5

A
  • proteins
  • amino acids
  • minerals
  • hormones
  • O2 & CO2
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25
Q

What doesn’t tissue fluid contain ?

2

A
  • no protein

- no cells

26
Q

How is tissue fluid formed ?

4

A
  • atrial end of capillary : plasma leaves via gaps in capillary walls
    H>O pressure
    -vein end of capillary : low hydrostatic pressure so blood moves back into capillary !
    O>H pressure
27
Q

Where does excess tissue fluid go ?

1

A
  • lymphatic system
28
Q

Cycle of heart ?

12

A
  • vena cava ( rhs) - right atrium - AV valve - right ventricle - semi lunar valve -pulmonary artery ( deoxygenated blood to lungs )
    Pulmonary vein -left atrium - AV valve - left ventricle -left semi lunar valve - aorta ( oxygenated blood around body )
29
Q

Why are walls of atria so thin?

3

A
  • main purpose is to receive blood
  • doesn’t transport blood very far ( ventricle)
  • walls = thin because it’s didn’t need muscle
30
Q

The Cardiac muscle is myogenic ? What does it mean ?

1

A
  • beats of its own accord !
31
Q

Structure of cardia muscle ?

2

A
  • fibres = cross bridges

- many mitochondria !

32
Q

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right?

2

A
  • L. Vent needs to push and Transport blood all around body ( systemic circulation )
  • has to overcome greater distance !
33
Q

What do thee tendinitis chords do in the heart ?

2

A
  • make sure valves are in right orientation ( stop back flow)
  • stop valves trying inside out !
34
Q

Why are cross bridges important in cardiac muscle ?

2

A
  • spread waves of excitation evenly

- helps to create squeezing action !

35
Q

What is the Cardiac cycle ?

1

A
  • sequence of events in one full beat of the heart
36
Q

What’s is the sound of the heart beat ?

1

A

Valves opening and closing !

37
Q

What’s the order of the Cardiac cycle ?

3

A
  • atrial systole
  • ventricular systole
  • diastole
38
Q

What happens in atrial systole ?

4

A
  • Atria contracts
  • ventricles relax
  • blood flows to ventricle
  • AV VALVE OPEN due to high pressure
39
Q

What happens in ventricular systole ?

5

A
  • ventricles contract
  • atria relaxes
  • blood moves to arteries
  • AV VALVE CLOSES ( lub )
  • SL VALVE OPENS
40
Q

What happens in diastole ?

3

A
  • ventricles relaxes
  • pressure in Ventricle drops and valves close to prevent back flow
  • all muscles relax
41
Q

What coordinates the Cardiac cycle ?

2

A
  • sino atrial valve

- atrio ventricular valve

42
Q

What does SAN DO ?

4

A
  • pacemaker
  • stimulates Atrial systole
  • sends a wave of excitation across top of atrium at regular intervals = initiates contractions
  • depolarisation over atrial walls
43
Q

What does AVN DO ?

4

A

Ventricular systole

  • PAUSE ( to fill ventricle fully ! )
  • waves of excitation rum down purkyne tissue to base of septum
  • ventricle contract base upwards
44
Q

What’s an ELectro cardio gram ?

1

A
  • shows waves of excitation in heart
45
Q 
What’s 
-Bradychardia ?
-trachychardia 
-atrial fibrillation 
-ectopic heart beat ? 
(8)
A
  • bradychardia = slow heart rate
  • trachechardia = fast heart rate
  • atrial fibrillation= no P waste ( atrium beats faster than ventricle and doesn’t fill properly )
  • ectopic heart beat = extra heart beat
46
Q

What waves are detected on ECG ?

5

A

P QRS T

47
Q

What does P wave represent ?
What’s does QRS wave represent?
T wave ?
(3)

A
  • atrial systole
  • ventricular systole
  • diastole
48
Q

Why does QRS have large peak that P wave ?

2

A
  • ventricle = bigger muscle so excitation is stronger

- bigger muscle = bigger excitation !

49
Q

What affinity ?

1

A
  • strong attraction
50
Q

What’s dissociation ?

1

A
  • releasing oxygen from oxyhaemaglobin
51
Q

What’s haemoglobin - structure ?

4

A
  • 4 globular proteins : 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
  • Fe2+ Haem group ( bonds to oxygen )
  • HIGH AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN
  • when oxygenated one O2 attached to Fe2+ group
52
Q

What’s partial pressure of O2 and oxygen tension ?

1

A
  • amount of O2 in a tissue !
53
Q

What’s the Oxygen tension in lungs and respiring tissue ?

2

A

Lungs has high Oxygen tension and respiring tissue have Low oxygen tension

54
Q

How is fetal haemoglobin different to adult haemoglobin ?

4

A
  • higher affinity for oxygen
  • maintains oxygen gradient
  • oxygen moves from mum to fetus
  • able to bind to oxygen even when my has dissociated from it , in low partial pressure of O2.
55
Q

Where does association occur and dissociation occur ?

2

A
  • association = lungs

- dissociation= respiring tissue

56
Q

What are the 3 ways of transporting CO2 around the body?

3

A
  • dissolved in plasma
  • combined with haemoglobin
  • HYDROGENCARBONATE IONs
57
Q

What happens when CO2 is absorbed into red blood cell ? Process ( 5)

A

1- CO2 diffuses in
2-CO2 + H2O —> H2CO3
Catalysed by Carbonic anhydase
3-H2CO3 dissociates to get rid of 1 H+ ion into HCO3- and H+
4- H+ added to haemoglobin makes HHb ( haemoglobonic acid )
5-chloride ions move in to maintain charge
5- Oxyhaemaglobin dissociates at low oxygen tensions to release O2

58
Q

Effect of CO2 on oxygen dissociation!

6

A
  • high amount of HCO3- ions
    -high amount of H+ ions COMPETING WITH O2 - ions for Hb
    -H+ wins and O2 dissociates from Hb
    -H bonds with Hb = HHb
    •Some CO2 bonds directly to Hb and changes the shape of Hb ( bonds to different site ) = less affinity for Oxygen so O2 is released !
59
Q

What’s the Bohr effect ?

5

A
  • CO2 enters RBC
  • carbonic acid is made and this releases H+ ions
    -H+ ions make cytoplasm more acidic
    -hanger IN PH effects tertiary structure = conformational change reduces affinity for O2
  • haemaglobin is unable to hold on to O2 and release it !
    MORE O2 RELEASED WHEN MORE CO2 IS PRODUCED IN RESPIRATION!
60
Q

What happens to dissociation curve in
A) feral haemoglobin
B) Bohr effect

A

A) moves to the left ( more affinity for O2)

B) moves to right ( less affinity for O2)

61
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure an inciting pressure at arteriole end and Venule end ?
(4)

A
  • Arteriole end : H>O fluid moves out

- Venule : O>H ; fluid moves in

BIOLOGY AS OCR (12 decks)

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