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BIOLOGY AS OCR > Chapter 2.6 Cell Division .... > Flashcards

Chapter 2.6 Cell Division .... Flashcards

1
Q

What’s mitosis ?

3

A

Type of nuclear division that produces daughter cells genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell .

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2
Q

What’s the order Of the cell cycle starting with M phase ?

A 
1-M phase 
2-G0 phase 
3-G1 phase 
4-Synthesis 
5-G2
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3
Q

What happens in M phase ?

3

A
  • cell growth
  • PMAT
  • Cytokinesis
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4
Q

What happens in G0 phase ?

3

A

Apoptosis
Differentiation
Senscene

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5
Q

What happens in G1?

4

A
  • cells growth
  • Organelles DUPLICATE
  • Biosynthesis
  • P53 suppressor ( Tumour suppressor)
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6
Q

What happens in synthesis phase ?

2

A
  • DNA Replicates

- Identical sister chromatids

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7
Q

What happens in G2 ?

1

A

GROWTH

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8
Q

What are the checkpoints ?

3

A

1- Metaphase checkpoint
2-G1 checkpoint
3- G2 checkpoint

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9
Q

What’s the purpose of the checkpoints?

4

A
  • Prevent uncontrollable division (cancer )
  • Detect / repair damage
  • ensure cell cycle isn’t reversed
  • ensure DNA is duplicate ONCE
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10
Q

What does metaphase checkpoint do ?

1

A
  • cell checks that all chromosomes are attached to spindle before mitosis can continue !
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11
Q

Why do we need mitosis ?

3

A
  • growth
  • tissue repair
  • Asexual reproduction ( amoeba , paramecium )
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12
Q

What happens in interphase ( mitosis )

3

A
  • cell prepares for cell division
    1-organelles divide
    2-DNA unravels
    3-ATP Content rises
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13
Q

What happens in Prophase ( mitosis ) ?

4

A
  • chromosomes shorten and thicken
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Centriole divides and moves to opposite end of cells
  • Cytoskeleton TUBULIN threads form
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14
Q

What happens metaphase ( mitosis ) ?

3

A
  • chromosomes line up
  • chromatids attach to spindle
  • attached by centromeres
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15
Q

What happens in anaphase ?
Chromatids ?
3

A

1- centromere divides

2-sister chromatically pulled apart by motor protein

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16
Q

What happens telophase ?

3

A

1-separated chromosomes reach opposite poles
2-new nuclear envelope forms
3-cell contains 2 NUCLEI GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO EACHOTHER

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17
Q

What happens in cytokinesis ?
Animal ?
1

A
  • cleavage furrow ( plasma membrane bends inwards )
18
Q

What happens in cytokinesis in plant cells ?

1

A

End plate ( cellulose forms)

19
Q

What’s meiosis ?

A

Reduction nuclear division which results in the formation of Gametes ( haploids)

20
Q

What is the importance of meiosis ?

A
  • genetic variation rises
  • this increases he chance for survival
  • drives evolution
21
Q

Where does meiosis occur ?

A

Gonads ( ovaries and testes)

22
Q

How does meiosis produce genetic variation ?
When ?
5

A

1- Crossing over P1
2-Independent assortment ( A1,2)
3-haploid gametes

23
Q

Outline meiosis briefly ?

4

A

PMAT 1
Interphase
PMAT2
Cytokinesis

24
Q

What plane does the second division ( Prophase 2 ) occur ?

A

At 90* to P1 division

25
Q

When is the chromosome number halved in meiosis ?

A

Telophase 1

26
Q

What’s a stem cell ?

2

A

Undifferentiated cells which can undergo mitosis to produce specialised cells

27
Q

How does differentiation occur ?

4

A

1-some genes are switched off
2-others are expressed more
3-proportion if organelles changes
4-shape change and content change occurs

28
Q

How is a erythrocyte adapted to its function ?

A

1- bioconcave disk
2-no organelle
3- no nucleus ( packs with more haemaglobin
4-small and flexible

29
Q

How are neutrophils adapted to their function ?

2

A
  • lysosomes

- cytoskeleton extends ( flexible shape )

30
Q

How is sperm adapted ?

A
  • many mitochondria
  • acrosomes
  • flagella
  • haploid
31
Q

Where in plant do cells differentiate?

A

Meristem

32
Q

Adaptation of palisade mesophyll cells ?

2

A
  • many chloroplasts

- thin walls

33
Q

Root hair cell adaptations ?

4

A
  • large SA
  • large vacuole
  • thin permeable walls
  • extra mitochondria = active transport
34
Q

Guard cells work ?

4

A

k+ active transported in
Lowers water potential
Water moves in
Guard cell opens

35
Q

What are the 4 main tissues ?

A

ECMN

  • epithelial tissue
  • connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
36
Q

What are the two plant tissues?

2

A
  • epidermal tissue
  • Vascular tissue
  • meristematic tissue
37
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage ?
Examples ?
(6)

A
  • Hyaline Cartilage ( c shaped trachea )
  • Fibrous cartilage (knee joint )
  • Elastic cartilage (outer ear )
38
Q

What is cartilage?

Type of tissue ?

A

Connective tissue

39
Q

How is cartilage formed ?

A

-chondroblasts secrete extracellular matrix

40
Q

How does Xylem form from meristematic tissue ?

3

A
  • cambium cells - Xylem vessels
  • lignin is deposited in cell wall ( waterproof cell and kill it )
  • end cell wall breaks down =continuous Column
41
Q

Uses for stem cells ?

4

A
  • bone marrow transplant
  • Drug Research
  • development in biology research
  • repair of damaged cells / replacement of lost tissue :
  • alzeihmers
  • Parkinson’s
  • type 1 diabetes
42
Q

How does yeast replicate ?

2

A
  • budding
  • nucleus divides /mitosis
  • cell swells in one side - cytoplasm moves into bulge
  • bulge pinches of

BIOLOGY AS OCR (12 decks)

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