Chapter 4.3 Biological Classification Flashcards
Why do we classify ?
4
- our convenience
- make the study of living things manageable
- identify organisms
- helps see relationships between species
What’s biological classification order ?
8
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What’s the binomial system ?
2
- a system that’s uses the genus name and the species name to avoid confusion when naming organisms
What are the 5 kingdoms ?
5
- prokaryotes
- Protoctista
- fungi
- plantae
- Animalia
What’s classification ?
1
- the process of placing living things into groups
What’s phylogeny ?
1
The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms
What’s natural selection ?
2
The terms used to explain how features of the environment apply a selective force on the reproduction of individuals in a population .
What an autotroph ?
1
- produces own food
What’s a heterotrophs ?
1
- don’t produce own food
What’s convergent evolution?
2
-2 unrelated species have similar features as a result of evolving adaptations to the same environment.
What does monophyletic mean ?
2
- belongs to the same phylogenic group
What’s a taxa?
1
Series of groups arranged in a hierarchy
What’s the evidence used in classification ?
3
- biological molecules
- DNA
- cytochrome C
What’s the features of Artificial classification ?
4
- done for ease
- based on few characteristics
- doesn’t reflect any evolutionary relation
- limited info
What are the features of natural classification ?
4
- many characteristics
- reflects evolutionary relationships
- provides a lot of info
- may change with advancing knowledge
What are Darwin’s 4 particular observations ?
4
- offspring generally appear similar to parents
- no two individuals are identical
- organisms can produce a large number of offspring
- populations remain fairly stable in size
What were Darwin’s theories ?
4
- many young are produces fit there is a competition for food and resources
- offspring that are better adapted survive
- they pass in their characteristics
- a number of changes could give rise to a new species
What’s the evidence for evolution?
3
- fossils :
Modern species better adapted ie: horse evolution
-biological molecules : more similar in closely related species
-Cytochrome C and DNA
What’s genetic variation introduced by ?
5
- random distribution chromosomes during metaphase 1 meiosis !
- crossing over
- random mating
- random fertilisation of gametes
- mutation
What’s infraspecific variation ?
1
- variation between members of the same species
What’s INTERspecific variation ?
1
-variation between species
What’s continuous variations?
Examples ?
(3)
- 2 extremes and full range of values in between
- height of humans
- length of leaves
What’s discontinuous variation ? Examples ?
2
- distinct categories
Nothing in between
Gender
Blood groups
What’s an adaptation ?
2
- a characteristic that enhances survival in the habitat
What are the 3 types of adaptation ?
3
- anatomical
- behavioural
- physiological.
What’s an anatomical adaptation ?
1
-structural-features
What’s a behavioural adaptation ?
1
-behaviour modifies for survival
What’s physiological adaptation?
1
Effects the way processes work
What’s statistical technique do you use for measuring the spread around the mean ?
- standard deviation
What’s stats test do we use to compare 2 means ?
1
T test !
How do we see the relationship between 2 Sets of data ?
1
- spearmans rank correlation coefficient
Why do we need the 3 domain system ?
3
- better microscopes showed fundamental differences in the mRNA of ARCHEA AND BACTERIA
- fungi don’t fit it : move like plants
- don’t photosynthesise
- digest nutrient like animals do
What are the 3 domains ?
3
- eukaryotes
- Archae.
- bacteria
How does natural selection work ?
6
1- mutation gives alternative version of genes
2-genetic variation ( intraspecifc variation )
3-environment= selective pressure
4-those with selective advantage survive and reproduce
5-next gen = high proportions of better adapted individuals
6-over time the whole population will be better adapted as the better adapted REPRODUCE AND PASS ON GENETIC VARIATION
In spearmans ranks how do you know here is a correlation?
1
- value must be above critical value !
