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BIOLOGY AS OCR > Chapter 4.3 Biological Classification > Flashcards

Chapter 4.3 Biological Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we classify ?

4

A
  • our convenience
  • make the study of living things manageable
  • identify organisms
  • helps see relationships between species
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2
Q

What’s biological classification order ?

8

A 
Domain
Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class
Order 
Family 
Genus 
Species
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3
Q

What’s the binomial system ?

2

A
  • a system that’s uses the genus name and the species name to avoid confusion when naming organisms
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4
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms ?

5

A
  • prokaryotes
  • Protoctista
  • fungi
  • plantae
  • Animalia
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5
Q

What’s classification ?

1

A
  • the process of placing living things into groups
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6
Q

What’s phylogeny ?

1

A

The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms

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7
Q

What’s natural selection ?

2

A

The terms used to explain how features of the environment apply a selective force on the reproduction of individuals in a population .

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8
Q

What an autotroph ?

1

A
  • produces own food
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9
Q

What’s a heterotrophs ?

1

A
  • don’t produce own food
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10
Q

What’s convergent evolution?

2

A

-2 unrelated species have similar features as a result of evolving adaptations to the same environment.

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11
Q

What does monophyletic mean ?

2

A
  • belongs to the same phylogenic group
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12
Q

What’s a taxa?

1

A

Series of groups arranged in a hierarchy

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13
Q

What’s the evidence used in classification ?

3

A
  • biological molecules
  • DNA
  • cytochrome C
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14
Q

What’s the features of Artificial classification ?

4

A
  • done for ease
  • based on few characteristics
  • doesn’t reflect any evolutionary relation
  • limited info
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15
Q

What are the features of natural classification ?

4

A
  • many characteristics
  • reflects evolutionary relationships
  • provides a lot of info
  • may change with advancing knowledge
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16
Q

What are Darwin’s 4 particular observations ?

4

A
  • offspring generally appear similar to parents
  • no two individuals are identical
  • organisms can produce a large number of offspring
  • populations remain fairly stable in size
17
Q

What were Darwin’s theories ?

4

A
  • many young are produces fit there is a competition for food and resources
  • offspring that are better adapted survive
  • they pass in their characteristics
  • a number of changes could give rise to a new species
18
Q

What’s the evidence for evolution?

3

A
  • fossils :
    Modern species better adapted ie: horse evolution
    -biological molecules : more similar in closely related species
    -Cytochrome C and DNA
19
Q

What’s genetic variation introduced by ?

5

A
  • random distribution chromosomes during metaphase 1 meiosis !
  • crossing over
  • random mating
  • random fertilisation of gametes
  • mutation
20
Q

What’s infraspecific variation ?

1

A
  • variation between members of the same species
21
Q

What’s INTERspecific variation ?

1

A

-variation between species

22
Q

What’s continuous variations?
Examples ?
(3)

A
  • 2 extremes and full range of values in between
  • height of humans
  • length of leaves
23
Q

What’s discontinuous variation ? Examples ?

2

A
  • distinct categories
    Nothing in between
    Gender
    Blood groups
24
Q

What’s an adaptation ?

2

A
  • a characteristic that enhances survival in the habitat
25
Q

What are the 3 types of adaptation ?

3

A
  • anatomical
  • behavioural
  • physiological.
26
Q

What’s an anatomical adaptation ?

1

A

-structural-features

27
Q

What’s a behavioural adaptation ?

1

A

-behaviour modifies for survival

28
Q

What’s physiological adaptation?

1

A

Effects the way processes work

29
Q

What’s statistical technique do you use for measuring the spread around the mean ?

A
  • standard deviation
30
Q

What’s stats test do we use to compare 2 means ?

1

A

T test !

31
Q

How do we see the relationship between 2 Sets of data ?

1

A
  • spearmans rank correlation coefficient
32
Q

Why do we need the 3 domain system ?

3

A
  • better microscopes showed fundamental differences in the mRNA of ARCHEA AND BACTERIA
  • fungi don’t fit it : move like plants
  • don’t photosynthesise
  • digest nutrient like animals do
33
Q

What are the 3 domains ?

3

A
  • eukaryotes
  • Archae.
  • bacteria
34
Q

How does natural selection work ?

6

A

1- mutation gives alternative version of genes
2-genetic variation ( intraspecifc variation )
3-environment= selective pressure
4-those with selective advantage survive and reproduce
5-next gen = high proportions of better adapted individuals
6-over time the whole population will be better adapted as the better adapted REPRODUCE AND PASS ON GENETIC VARIATION

35
Q

In spearmans ranks how do you know here is a correlation?

1

A
  • value must be above critical value !

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