China Under Mao Flashcards
Problems
P, C had to prove that govt=strong, remove opposition
E, Poor ind prod, poor food prod, rapid inflation
S, Peasants, illiterate, against modern ideas
I, US saw GMD as leader
F, inflation=1000%, Ec=dire from wars since 1937
Ag reasons for change
Prod affected by war
Industrialised country needs more food and increased production
More men in urban, fewer working on land, increased production
Agrarian land reforms
Speak bitterness campaign, criticise landlords, take land
40%=> poor peasants
2-4mn landlords killed
Peasants did not have money for equipment
Mutual Aid teams
Groups of 10 households share animals, tools, does not increase production
Cooperatives
Groups of more families, increase production
Lower stage coops, 30-50 families share equipment
Higher stage coops, 200-300 families
Targets set by govt, land owned by govt
State paid wages
Effects of agricultural reforms
Increase production, specialisation of crops, pool resources, economies of scale
97% in coops, 300mn peasants benefit, peasants paid some profit
Production increase was not as high as anticipated, peasants landless, internal passports restricted peasant movement, 2-4mn landlords lost land and lives, forced state collectivisation
Industrial reasons for change
M wants ind society to compete with nations
Limit ind output, small scale
Infrastructure
Rebuilt, extended for coal transport to new ind areas
Rial to Shanghai rebuilt to encourage trade links
5 Year plan
Planners choose prod levels, centrally organised
Ministries controlled coal, electricity, iron, prod
RU experts helped C scientists
Effects of industrial reforms
Exceeded targets for 5YP, urban population increased, coal 2x, elec 4x, 1.2 mn bikes, completed Tiananmen Square, Ec increased 9%/year, Yangtze had bridge, all ind in state control
Not all targets met, 1.2 mn bikes was not enough, light industry not looked after, textiles prod decreased, ind state owned
Financial reasons for change
Inflation=1000%
Ec dire from wars
Financial changes
New currency (yuan)
Public expenditure decrease
People’s Bank made
Effects of financial change
Within a year, inflation=15%
State controlled banking system
Reasons for social reforms
Women
Traditional role of women had to change, needed in workforce, increase production women expected to be subservient to husbands, Mao wants egalitarian society
1930 Marriage Law
W=M, child marriage prohibited, end of dowries, arranged marriage, divorce on equal terms
Footbinding
Ended
Effects of social reforms
Equality, W=M
Divorce hard to get, trad>important, little change in rural areas
Reasons for social reforms
Education
Had to progress, literacy rate=20%
Literacy
Pinyin standardised,
Effects of education reforms
Indoctrinate C into CHN
Reasons for social reforms
Health
Healthy workforce needed
Health reforms
Spitting banned, spread disease
Check cleanliness of homes, vaccinations
Effects of health reforms
Healthy, clean society
Political changes
Removal of other parties
Thought reform
Self reliance, continuing revolution, class struggle Learn from people, mass mobilisation
3 Anti Movement
Target waste, corruption, inefficiency
5 Anti Movement
Vs industrial sabotage, tax evasion, bribery, fraud, theft of govt property
Repression and terror
Repress opposition, propaganda, purge opposition, labour camps, targets for no of execution to instil fear
100 Flowers
Why
Remove opposition, find out what people thought after 5YP
100 Flowers
What
Free discussion, criticise govt and CCP, critics make of corrupt, inefficient, unrealistic policies
100 Flowers
Effects
Free speech=healthy, control= easier
CCP strengthened and unchallenged
Lots of criticism, critics forced to retract views, 1/2-3/4 party reeducated
Anti rightist movement created to challenge opposition
Agricultural reasons for GLF
Peasants in coops, specialisation in crops began, targets set, backwards production
Industrial reasons for GLF
Large scale ind, increased production, all targets not met, USSR reliant, Xenophobic
Economic reasons for GLF
Ec, backwards, Mao wants revolution, inspire C
Wants C=Br in 15 years
C=US in 20 years
Ind output increased 1/3, wanted to be an industrial society, independent from USSR
Agricultural change during the GLF
Collective farms into 24000 communes around 30000 people each
People into brigades of 1000-2000 people, team of works of 50-200
By 1958, all peasants in communes, living communally
Close planting of crops, terraced planting
Industrial change during the GLF
Higher targets, local planning and organisation, communal factories made cement, chemical fertiliser, 600000 backyard steel furnaces, 11mn tonnes produced, 65% increase (49% increase from backyards) state owned enterprises, guaranteed wages, no profit
Agricultural effects of GLF
1958 harvest, actual=250mn, Mao=430mn
Targets appeared to be met, yield decreased, stats exaggerated, afraid of failure
No incentives, 74000 coops=>26000 communes, too big
Exports continued, production decreased
Floods and droughts caused famine. 30-40mn died 59-62
Propaganda of Dachau achieved by army
Industrial effects of the GLF
49% of steel from backyard furnaces, useless
Increase in urban population affected rural, fewer work on land, targets not set on sound economic analysis
No incentives, production decreased
USSR experts sent to R, C needed expertise, raw material produced, not manufactured due to lack of skills
Rationing in cities, heavy industrial output decreased by 65%
Why did the GLF fail
Natural disasters affected output
Soviet experts returned to USSR, leaving a gap in skills, not enough qualified C to replace them
Mao did not consider practical problems of GLF, rejected revisionist ideas, was not necessary for economic advancement
Political change after GLF
Mao resigned as Head of State, still Chairman
Liu Shaoqui- President
Zhou Enlai- PM
Deng Xiaoping- general secretary
Economic change after GLF
Agricultural
Free market, small plots of land given back to peasants, profits, sell excess
1967 grain production=1957
Economic change after GLF
Industrial
Focus more on light industry, woks made, end of communal canteen, realistic targets set, incentives
Economic change after GLF
Leaders
Liu, Deng
Mao
Split in party on how ec should progress
Mao wants pure C
Reasons for CR
Power struggle between M+opponents, policies criticised, position weakened
Mao wants to remove opponents like Deng, Liu, to purify communism
Education and culture must be focused on revolutionary activity, less academic
CR
What
Four Olds
Started by RG, vs old ideas, culture, habits
CR
What
RG
Start 4 old campaign, express criticism in posters, march in Beijing, attacked anything capitalist, targeted authority figures, police told not to oppose them
CR
What
Propaganda
RG formed under ‘We are the critics of the old world, builders of the new’, 740mn red books with Mao’s thought published
Statues+portraits of M, Loudspeakers, songs, rallies in TS
Mao swan 24km in Yangtze from Wuhan
CR
What
Schools and Unis
In Beijing shut down, 6 months to rewrite curriculum, make people aware of C ideas
Teachers targeted in attacks
CR
What
Madam Mao
Persuaded Mao to get RG to attack Lin Biao, head of state
Assaulted him, forced him to write a confession, expelled from party, refused medical treatment, died
CR
What
Western culture
RG shaved off Western hairstyles, ripped off Western clothes, smashed windows with Western merch, burnt bookshops, libraries, close museums, art galleries, British Embassy stormed by RG
Effects of the CR
Out of control, 1000s of innocent people murdered
RG divided into factions, PLA restored order, 5-12mn RG sent to the countryside for reeducation, up the mountains and down the villages
Schools closed fro a year, affected edu, exams, future qualifications, 130mn not in school during CR
Industry ransacked, production decline by 14%, agriculture not as badly affected
Mao and Liu
Liu names successor but doubted him, removed his suppporters
Liu, Project 571 to overthrow Mao, failed, died in plane crash
Gang of 4
3 radicals+Mrs Mao, follow Mao
Have support of the C Youth League
Continue power struggle
Moderates
Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping
Support of CCP and PLA
Modernization
Rise of the Gang of 4
Tributes to Zhou removed to stop support by Lefts, Riots in support of Deng, Deng blamed dismissed
EXpected to succeed Mao, Hua Gofeng=PM
Fall of the Gang of 4
Hua used the Politburo, each member entered at a different time and arrested, trial, charged with attempt to overthrow govt
Accused of planned assassination, life imprisonment
Return to moderates
Gained control of China,
Deng, Deputy PM, Deputy Chairman
