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China Under Mao Flashcards

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1
Q

Problems

A

P, C had to prove that govt=strong, remove opposition
E, Poor ind prod, poor food prod, rapid inflation
S, Peasants, illiterate, against modern ideas
I, US saw GMD as leader
F, inflation=1000%, Ec=dire from wars since 1937

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2
Q

Ag reasons for change

A

Prod affected by war
Industrialised country needs more food and increased production
More men in urban, fewer working on land, increased production

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3
Q

Agrarian land reforms

A

Speak bitterness campaign, criticise landlords, take land
40%=> poor peasants
2-4mn landlords killed
Peasants did not have money for equipment

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4
Q

Mutual Aid teams

A

Groups of 10 households share animals, tools, does not increase production

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5
Q

Cooperatives

A

Groups of more families, increase production
Lower stage coops, 30-50 families share equipment
Higher stage coops, 200-300 families
Targets set by govt, land owned by govt
State paid wages

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6
Q

Effects of agricultural reforms

A

Increase production, specialisation of crops, pool resources, economies of scale
97% in coops, 300mn peasants benefit, peasants paid some profit
Production increase was not as high as anticipated, peasants landless, internal passports restricted peasant movement, 2-4mn landlords lost land and lives, forced state collectivisation

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7
Q

Industrial reasons for change

A

M wants ind society to compete with nations

Limit ind output, small scale

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8
Q

Infrastructure

A

Rebuilt, extended for coal transport to new ind areas

Rial to Shanghai rebuilt to encourage trade links

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9
Q

5 Year plan

A

Planners choose prod levels, centrally organised
Ministries controlled coal, electricity, iron, prod
RU experts helped C scientists

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10
Q

Effects of industrial reforms

A

Exceeded targets for 5YP, urban population increased, coal 2x, elec 4x, 1.2 mn bikes, completed Tiananmen Square, Ec increased 9%/year, Yangtze had bridge, all ind in state control

Not all targets met, 1.2 mn bikes was not enough, light industry not looked after, textiles prod decreased, ind state owned

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11
Q

Financial reasons for change

A

Inflation=1000%

Ec dire from wars

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12
Q

Financial changes

A

New currency (yuan)
Public expenditure decrease
People’s Bank made

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13
Q

Effects of financial change

A

Within a year, inflation=15%

State controlled banking system

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14
Q

Reasons for social reforms

Women

A

Traditional role of women had to change, needed in workforce, increase production women expected to be subservient to husbands, Mao wants egalitarian society

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15
Q

1930 Marriage Law

A

W=M, child marriage prohibited, end of dowries, arranged marriage, divorce on equal terms

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16
Q

Footbinding

A

Ended

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17
Q

Effects of social reforms

A

Equality, W=M

Divorce hard to get, trad>important, little change in rural areas

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18
Q

Reasons for social reforms

Education

A

Had to progress, literacy rate=20%

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19
Q

Literacy

A

Pinyin standardised,

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20
Q

Effects of education reforms

A

Indoctrinate C into CHN

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21
Q

Reasons for social reforms

Health

A

Healthy workforce needed

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22
Q

Health reforms

A

Spitting banned, spread disease

Check cleanliness of homes, vaccinations

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23
Q

Effects of health reforms

A

Healthy, clean society

24
Q

Political changes

A

Removal of other parties

25
Q

Thought reform

A 
Self reliance, continuing revolution, class struggle
Learn from people, mass mobilisation
26
Q

3 Anti Movement

A

Target waste, corruption, inefficiency

27
Q

5 Anti Movement

A

Vs industrial sabotage, tax evasion, bribery, fraud, theft of govt property

28
Q

Repression and terror

A

Repress opposition, propaganda, purge opposition, labour camps, targets for no of execution to instil fear

29
Q

100 Flowers

Why

A

Remove opposition, find out what people thought after 5YP

30
Q

100 Flowers

What

A

Free discussion, criticise govt and CCP, critics make of corrupt, inefficient, unrealistic policies

31
Q

100 Flowers

Effects

A

Free speech=healthy, control= easier
CCP strengthened and unchallenged
Lots of criticism, critics forced to retract views, 1/2-3/4 party reeducated
Anti rightist movement created to challenge opposition

32
Q

Agricultural reasons for GLF

A

Peasants in coops, specialisation in crops began, targets set, backwards production

33
Q

Industrial reasons for GLF

A

Large scale ind, increased production, all targets not met, USSR reliant, Xenophobic

34
Q

Economic reasons for GLF

A

Ec, backwards, Mao wants revolution, inspire C
Wants C=Br in 15 years
C=US in 20 years
Ind output increased 1/3, wanted to be an industrial society, independent from USSR

35
Q

Agricultural change during the GLF

A

Collective farms into 24000 communes around 30000 people each
People into brigades of 1000-2000 people, team of works of 50-200
By 1958, all peasants in communes, living communally
Close planting of crops, terraced planting

36
Q

Industrial change during the GLF

A

Higher targets, local planning and organisation, communal factories made cement, chemical fertiliser, 600000 backyard steel furnaces, 11mn tonnes produced, 65% increase (49% increase from backyards) state owned enterprises, guaranteed wages, no profit

37
Q

Agricultural effects of GLF

A

1958 harvest, actual=250mn, Mao=430mn
Targets appeared to be met, yield decreased, stats exaggerated, afraid of failure
No incentives, 74000 coops=>26000 communes, too big
Exports continued, production decreased
Floods and droughts caused famine. 30-40mn died 59-62
Propaganda of Dachau achieved by army

38
Q

Industrial effects of the GLF

A

49% of steel from backyard furnaces, useless
Increase in urban population affected rural, fewer work on land, targets not set on sound economic analysis
No incentives, production decreased
USSR experts sent to R, C needed expertise, raw material produced, not manufactured due to lack of skills
Rationing in cities, heavy industrial output decreased by 65%

39
Q

Why did the GLF fail

A

Natural disasters affected output
Soviet experts returned to USSR, leaving a gap in skills, not enough qualified C to replace them
Mao did not consider practical problems of GLF, rejected revisionist ideas, was not necessary for economic advancement

40
Q

Political change after GLF

A

Mao resigned as Head of State, still Chairman
Liu Shaoqui- President
Zhou Enlai- PM
Deng Xiaoping- general secretary

41
Q

Economic change after GLF

Agricultural

A

Free market, small plots of land given back to peasants, profits, sell excess
1967 grain production=1957

42
Q

Economic change after GLF

Industrial

A

Focus more on light industry, woks made, end of communal canteen, realistic targets set, incentives

43
Q

Economic change after GLF

Leaders

A

Liu, Deng
Mao
Split in party on how ec should progress
Mao wants pure C

44
Q

Reasons for CR

A

Power struggle between M+opponents, policies criticised, position weakened
Mao wants to remove opponents like Deng, Liu, to purify communism
Education and culture must be focused on revolutionary activity, less academic

45
Q

CR
What
Four Olds

A

Started by RG, vs old ideas, culture, habits

46
Q

CR
What
RG

A

Start 4 old campaign, express criticism in posters, march in Beijing, attacked anything capitalist, targeted authority figures, police told not to oppose them

47
Q

CR
What
Propaganda

A

RG formed under ‘We are the critics of the old world, builders of the new’, 740mn red books with Mao’s thought published
Statues+portraits of M, Loudspeakers, songs, rallies in TS
Mao swan 24km in Yangtze from Wuhan

48
Q

CR
What
Schools and Unis

A

In Beijing shut down, 6 months to rewrite curriculum, make people aware of C ideas
Teachers targeted in attacks

49
Q

CR
What
Madam Mao

A

Persuaded Mao to get RG to attack Lin Biao, head of state

Assaulted him, forced him to write a confession, expelled from party, refused medical treatment, died

50
Q

CR
What
Western culture

A

RG shaved off Western hairstyles, ripped off Western clothes, smashed windows with Western merch, burnt bookshops, libraries, close museums, art galleries, British Embassy stormed by RG

51
Q

Effects of the CR

A

Out of control, 1000s of innocent people murdered
RG divided into factions, PLA restored order, 5-12mn RG sent to the countryside for reeducation, up the mountains and down the villages
Schools closed fro a year, affected edu, exams, future qualifications, 130mn not in school during CR
Industry ransacked, production decline by 14%, agriculture not as badly affected

52
Q

Mao and Liu

A

Liu names successor but doubted him, removed his suppporters

Liu, Project 571 to overthrow Mao, failed, died in plane crash

53
Q

Gang of 4

A

3 radicals+Mrs Mao, follow Mao
Have support of the C Youth League
Continue power struggle

54
Q

Moderates

A

Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping
Support of CCP and PLA
Modernization

55
Q

Rise of the Gang of 4

A

Tributes to Zhou removed to stop support by Lefts, Riots in support of Deng, Deng blamed dismissed
EXpected to succeed Mao, Hua Gofeng=PM

56
Q

Fall of the Gang of 4

A

Hua used the Politburo, each member entered at a different time and arrested, trial, charged with attempt to overthrow govt
Accused of planned assassination, life imprisonment

57
Q

Return to moderates

A

Gained control of China,

Deng, Deputy PM, Deputy Chairman

History (21 decks)

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