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China Before Mao Flashcards

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1
Q

1911 Revolution

Why P

A

Empress Cixi opposed all demands for change, unpopular
Promised change in education, army, democracy
Country, unstable, demands for change increased, opportunity for revolution

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2
Q

1911 revolution

Why P2

A

Rise of Nationalism
Boxer Revolution, attempt to remove foreign influence
Crushed by EU forces, shows weakness of dynasty and dependence on EU

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3
Q

1911 Revolution

Why F

A

Taxes not taken in as much as they should
Bribery, corruption, money shortage in Govt
Relied on EU, Govt=inept

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4
Q

1911 Revolution

Why E

A

Worst harvest failure in 40 years
Unfair taxation on commercial class
Govt not helping, inept

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5
Q

1911 Revolution

Why E2

A

Railways, boom in railway construction with EU
Investment, prosperity
Govt nationalised railways
Concerned by extent of political and financial independence

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6
Q

Double 10th

A

Starts in Wuchang
Rebellion continues throughout the year
15/18 provinces vs Govt

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7
Q

What

Yuan Shikai

A

Military commander given position of PM work against rebels for PM
Ulterior motives, wants to see end of Pu Yi, become Emperor himself

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8
Q

1911 Revolution

Effects

A

Sun Yatsen in US invited back to be President, elected by rebels
Yuan Shikai had support of New Army
SY stood down, Yuan=President=control Republic
Pu Yi abdicated

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9
Q

Yuan as President

Where

A

Y=NC part, based in Beijing

SY=S part, based in Nanjing

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10
Q

Yuan as President

National Assembly

A 
Introduce democracy
Had elections
SY=43%
Y banned NA and GMD, only way to keep power
Dictatorship
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11
Q

Yuan as President

21 Demands

A

Japan wanted rights, control over factories, ports, railways
Or war
Y accepted=weak

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12
Q

Yuan as President

US Loans

A

Loans from US to help economy, condition
China had to recognise BR control over Mongolia, Tibet
Relied on other countries, lose land, control

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13
Q

Yuan as President

Emperor

A

Emperor, accepted the Mandate of Heaven, to strengthen his position
Renounced the throne

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14
Q

Warlords

A

A person with control over an area with an army to set up their own Govt

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15
Q

Problems with Warlords

A

No main Govt, factorial rivalries between leaders, self interested, set own taxes, policies

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16
Q

Life under warlords

A

Brutal, lived in fear
Poor, destructive army, unpopular
Christian General, Methodist, ended foot binding, brothels, disciplined army
Zhang Zong, Enjoyed splitting melons

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17
Q

May the 4th Movement

Why

A

1st protest after WW1, after Paris peace conference
Did not like peace JP accepted
1. Oppose giving Shangdong to JP
2. Awareness of CHN’s place to everyone
3. Recommend large scale gathering in Beijing
4. Promote creation of Beijing student union
5. Demonstrate to protest against terms of T of V

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18
Q

May the 4th Movement

What

A

Student reps from 13 local Unis
10000 students from Beijing, huge demonstration, spread throughout country
Students striked, merchants, workers protested
Newspapers spread message across country to Shanghai
Chancellors from 13 Unis, released student prisoners.
Merchants threatened to not pay tax

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19
Q

May the 4th Movement

Effects

A

Support pressurised Govt, added strength to revolution of ideas, New Tide, remove old fashioned ideas
Simplified Chinese, new ideas could be accessed by poor, uneducated
End foreign control in China

China did not have international authority to challenge treaties from Paris

General strike nearly devastated entire economy
Rep refused to sign peace treaty
Exhibited China’s social classes across the country to successfully collab given motivation and leadership
Heightened tension, strengthen Nationalist, increase support for revolutionary groups

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20
Q

GMD leader

A

SY

CK, trained 500 to unify C

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21
Q

GMD aims

A

Nationalism, Socialism, Democracy

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22
Q

GMD support

A

Russia, C govt in power, shared socialist views
Neighbours help each other to be stable

RU support, towns without Warlords, Chiang controlled unified China from Nainjing

RU reliant

23
Q

GMD strategy and tactics

A

F, M foreign aid from Abram Joffe, most able diplomat to reorganise GMD
Mass party, run with strict discipline, members show obedience to party choices
CCP members could join, both want Revolution
Michael Borodin, General Galen sent by RU, make army strong enough to fight WL, conquer CHN
CK start March to the North campaign support from people fed up of WL

24
Q

CCP leader

A

Chen Duxui
22, 200
26, 7000
27, 58000

25
Q

CCP Aims

A

C CHN, conc on peasants, 90%

Made sure they had adequate land, support land reforms

26
Q

CCP support

A

Peasants promised land, support

Large in number, support from RU, Comintern F

Reliance on RU

27
Q

Northern Expedition

Why

A

United Front to remove WL, hope that others would rise and support
Whampoa Military Academy, 500 trained to overthrow WL, unify CHN

28
Q

Northern Expedition

What

A

GMD army led by CCP, got Hankow, govt set up
GMD got Nanjing, Nationalist govt, SCHN=GMD land
Chiang occupied Beijing
Political agents, got support from people ‘national revolution’
WL surrendered, armies mutinied, joined GMD.
CCP worked with captured cities, organised trade unions, help peasants remove WL
Poor peasants believed propaganda promises

29
Q

Northern Expedition

Effect

A

CHN reunified, GMD accepted by foreign powers
No more common aim of conquering S and N
No more unified front, led to Shanghai Massacres

30
Q

Shanghai Massacres

Why

A

CK did not want an alliance with C, C=popular in rural areas
GMD army approached Shanghai, workers rebelled against WL led by Zhou Enlai and C who set up the C Council to run the city

31
Q

Shanghai Massacres

What

A

GMD arrived, took over streets, rounded up all C
Killed 10000 to eliminate them
GMD wants Shanghai

32
Q

Shanghai Massacres

Effects

A

Chiang also crushed C in Guangzhou, excecuting them, forcing them to flee
Autumn Harvest uprising by CCP, peasant army of 10000. Troops easily scattered, Mao fled
C retreated to countryside in Jianxi and Hunan.
CK controlled cities, head of govt in Nanjing, C power diminished

33
Q

Nationalist China

Control

A

1/3 land
2/3 pop 1/3 CCP survived, CK never had full control
GMD not party of the masses

34
Q

Nationalist China

Main Aims

A

Nationalism, Socialism, Democracy

Rule by democratic centralism

35
Q

Nationalist China

Reform E

A

Banks reorganised Shanghai stock exchange =>international financial markets
Help financial stability
Develop transport links, land reforms for peasants

36
Q

Nationalist China

S

A

Increase standard of education

Poverty not solved, peasants not helped

37
Q

Nationalist China

M

A

Modernise army, support of DE
Blue shirts, 180000
Use cohesion, oppression to keep control

38
Q

Nationalist China

P

A

Modernise civil service
Improve quality of govt
Make special admin department

39
Q

Nationalist China

Moral

A

New Life Movement, Confucian values, moral code for people

GMD funded by Green Gang, biggest drug gang

40
Q

Nationalist China

Opposition

A

Extermination campaigns

Not successful until 1934

41
Q

Nationalist China

Foreigners

A

Reassertion of control over foreign controlled areas.

Try to force legations to use CHN law

42
Q

Jianxi Soviet

Rights of women

A

Mao outlawed arranged marriages

43
Q

Jianxi Soviet

Army

A

Fustian incident, 2 moth purge of opponents in RA, spies suspected
3000 officers tortured and executed
Mao, hard line RCm repaired to take action towards potential spies

44
Q

Jianxi Soviet

Land policies

A

Land law to divide land for peasants
RA used to take land from landlords, distribute amongst peasants
Millions recieve land, give CCP support
Opposition had crops taken away, taxed more

45
Q

Jianxi Soviet

Taxes

A

Land taxes reduced
Peasants councils set up to voice opinions
Increases support for CCP

46
Q

Jianxi Soviet

RA

A

Strict discipline, 11000 members
Trained guerilla tactics
Eight rules, discipline, obedience
Supported by army, guerilla helped them survive GMD

47
Q

Extermination Campaigns

Aims

A

Remove the CCP

48
Q

Extermination Campaign

Tactics

A

GMD
Move in with force with army many times (5x)

CCP
Guerilla
Enemy advances, we retreat
Enemy halts, we trouble them
Enemy seeks to avoid battle, we attack
Enemy retreats, we pursue
49
Q

Extermination Campaign

Effects

A

GMD, first 4, not successful
Entered C territory, capture and killed 1 men peasants

CCP, Mao called a coward

50
Q

The Long March
Why
GMD

A

Von Seeckt’s plan
Surround Jianxi Soviet with 1/2 men troops, advance slowly, building blockhouses, barbed wire, trenches, to stop movements into and out Soviet, starve them of food, fuel, munition, weapons
CCP, lost over 1/2 of land, 60000 killed

51
Q

The Long March
Why
CCP

A

Otto Braun defend Soviet borders, fight GMD head on
Mao expelled from being leader by Braun
Not a success

Mao wanted RA ro break through lines, attack GMD from behind.
Braun planned retreat, RA to break through block house line

52
Q

Long March

What

A

87000 break out
Take all equipment needed to set up Soviet elsewhere, 6 weeks to escape
Met GMD at Xian river, 450000 RA men died= half of RA lost. Braun blamed of misconduct, slowed them down, in line, GMD anticipated attack
Reached Zunyi, better tactics made Braun suspended, military control=>Mao and Zhu De
Route split in series of directions, turning and reforming S, destination=Yanan, Hubei
386 days, 10000 out of 80000 lived, through hunger, attacks and disease
Reached Yanan, 9000km, 2nd+4th=80000 men

53
Q

Long March

Effect

A

Mao=leader
Found new secure Soviet base
Popularity increased
Huge loss of life

54
Q

China vs Japan

United Front

A

Japan invaded Manchuria to expand
Pu Yi given control
Many wanted CK to declare war on JP, CK did not want a confrontation. J in 6N provinces
CCP wants United Front, CK wants to remove CCP, 6th extermination
CK wants troops to fight CCP but they want to fight JP
CCP+GMD at Xian, alliance
CK imprisoned for 2wks until he agreed

History (21 decks)

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