Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Junior Psychiatry > Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatric disorders > Flashcards

Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatric disorders Flashcards

1
Q

List 6 common childhood/adolescence common mental disorders

A

Common Disorders
• Autism Spectrum disorder • ADHD
• Intellectual disability
• Tic disorders
• Anxiety disorders
• Elimination disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

____________ Disorders – is by far the best known neurodevelopmental disorder.

A

Autism Spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorders –

• Marked and Sustained impairment in ________________________ with restricted or stereotyped patterns of __________________________________.

• Abnormalities in functioning in each of these areas must be present in the early neurodevelopmental period ( by age ______ years).

A

social interaction and communication

behavior and interest

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Autism spectrum disorders

• Often a spectrum in presentation – high or low functioning IQ levels.

•__________________ is the most common comorbid diagnosis.

A

Intellectual disability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Autism: Epidemiology

• Difficult to compare across continents
• Most begin before ___ years
• Boys: Girls = ________
• (Male or Female?) protective, more severely whn affected (?More mutations and environmental toxin load)

A

3

3-5: 1

Female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Autism

Often misdiagnosed as ________,_______, or ________

A

ADHD, OCD, ID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ASD DSM 5 CRITERIA

• Core symptom domain
• A. ____________ deficits in ____________________ across multiple contexts (SCI)
•B. __________,__________ patterns of ________,___________, or activities. (RRBI)
•C. must be present in the ________ developmental period (manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities, or masked by learned strategies in later life).
•D. cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning.
•E. not better explained by id or global developmental delay. ID &ASD frequently co-o

A

Persistent; social communication and social interaction

Restricted, repetitive ; behavior, interests

early

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts

• Deficits in __________________

• Deficits in __________________

• Deficits in ___________________________
• Specify current severity

A

social-emotional reciprocity

nonverbal communicative

developing, maintaining, and understand relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Autism-Differential Diagnosis (what else could it be)

• __________ impairment
• _______________
• Severe Psychosocial deprivation
• ____________ & ______________ disorder
• Specific language disorder
• Childhood ______________
•_________,_________

A

Sensory

Intellectual disability

Selective mutism & separation anxiety

schizophrenia

OCD, ADHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

• __________________ Disorder (ADHD) – (aka ______________ disorders).

A

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

hyperkinetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

____________________ is the most common psychiatric disorder among school-age children and the best understood.

A

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Children with ADHD display the early onset of symptoms consisting of developmentally inappropriate __________,__________ , academic ____________, and ___________ behavior.

A

overactivity ; inattention

underachievement

impulsive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

• In making a diagnosis of hyperkinetic disorder requires the definite presence of abnormal levels of underachievement, hyperactivity, and restlessness that are pervasive across situations and persistent over time and that are not caused by other disorders such as autism or affective disorders for at least ___________.

A

6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ADHD Risk and aeitiology.
•_______,__________ , and molecular genetic studies show ADHD to be highly __________, and other findings have recorded ____________ and psychosocial adversity as risk factors.

A

Twin, adoption

heritable; obstetric complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ADHD risk and Aetiology

• Evidence from animal and human studies implicates the dysregulation of ________________________ catecholaminergic circuits in the pathophysiology of ADHD, and molecular imaging studies suggest that abnormalities of the ____________________ lead to impaired neurotransmission

A

frontal-subcorticalcerebellar

dopamine transporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ADHD Epid and Diagnosis

Common in (men or women?)

Common in (lower or upper?) economic strata

A

Men

Lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ADHD Treatment
• Studies during the past decade have shown the safety and effectiveness of new non-stimulant drugs (_______________ ) and long-acting formulations of ——————— .
•____________ and ____________ techniques will be useful for children below age ____ years.

A

Atomoxetine

methylphenidate and amphetamine

Parental training and behavioral management

6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Definition of ID
•A disability characterized by significant limitations both in _____________ and in ______________.

• It covers many everyday social and practical skills.

A

intellectual functioning

adaptive behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ID

If the disability originates before the age of 18 it is named ________________________

A

intellectual developmental disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Intellectual Disability
Intellectual Functioning:

Refers to ______________________ , such as learning, reasoning, problem solving.
One criterion to measure intellectual functioning is an _________ test.

A

general mental capacity

IQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ID

Generally, an IQ test score of below _____ (____ standard deviations) indicates a limitation in intellectual functioning.

A

70

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ID

Degrees of Severity

Mild Mental Retardation (__________): _______
Moderate Retardation (__________) : _______
Severe Mental Retardation : _______
Profound Mental retardation : _______

A

educable; IQ 50/55 – 70

trainable IQ 35/40 – 50/55

IQ 20/25 – 35/40

IQ below 20/25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Signs of ID in Children?
More likely globally ________ across all skill areas

A

delayed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

An intellectual disability is a disease.

T/F

A

F

Not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ID is a mental illness.

T/F

A

F

Not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

___________ is the cure for intellectual disabilities.

A

There is no cure for intellectual disabilities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Tic Disorders
These comprise a group of _____________ disorders that appear in childhood or adolescence, encompass a wide range of severity, and share the primary symptom of __________ and ____________.

A

neuropsychiatric

persistent and interfering tics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The most widely recognized and severest form of tic disorder is _____________ or _______________

A

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, or Tourette’s disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Tics
• Tic - Sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization.

• They may be classified according to

___________(_____,_______)

___________(_____,_______)

___________(_____,_______)

A
  • degree of complexity (simple, complex) - their quality (motor, vocal)
  • Duration (Transient, Chronic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

obscene gestures , referred to as _____________

compelled to repeat or imitate a movement observed in another person (_______________).

___________ is the utterance of obscene or aggressive words or sentences

A

copropraxia

echopraxia

Coprolalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Characteristics of Attachment
Bowlby believed that there are four distinguishing
characteristics of attachment:

  1. Proximity Maintenance - The desire to _____________________________.
  2. Safe Haven - Returning to the attachment figure for ___________________________.
  3. Secure Base - The attachment figure acts as a ________________.
  4. Separation Distress - Anxiety that occurs in the ___________________
A

be near the people we are attached to

comfort and safety in the face of a fear or threat

base of security from which the child can explore the surrounding environment.

absence of the attachment figure

32
Q

Two subtypes of attachment disorders

List them

A

RAD – Reactive Attachment disorder

DSED – Disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSM 5)

33
Q

Two subtypes of attachment disorders

RAD – Reactive Attachment disorder: linked to ________________________, is characterized by inhibition of the normal developmental tendency to _______________________.

A

early childhood maltreatment

seek comfort from caregivers

34
Q

Subtype of attachment disorders

DSED – Disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSM 5) : linked to ________________________________, is characterized by a relative ______________ of the attachment system, resulting in “ ________ “ and ___________ attachments, and patterned behavior labeled “indiscriminate sociability.“

A

institutionalization or exposure to multiple caregivers before age 5

hyper activation

diffuse; unselective

35
Q

Elimination disorders:Enuresis & Encopresis

Enuresis is - defined as the involuntary or intentional ____________.
Diagnosis is made only after age ______ years. Severity is determined by ___________ of urination; __________ is not a diagnostic consideration per se.

It must occur at least __________ for at least ________________________ , or if less frequent, it must produce significant distress or functional impairment.

__________ causes such as a bladder infection must be excluded.
There is a correlation between enuresis and psychological disturbance that increases with age

A

voiding of urine

5; frequency

quantity; twice a week ; 3 consecutive months

Physical

36
Q

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
• ODD is a relatively common childhood disorder with an estimated
prevalence of 2% to 10%

• Prevalence estimates may, however, vary depending on factors such as _________________ (e.g., parent vs. child), _______________ (e.g., concurrent vs. retrospective) and whether or not children meeting criteria for conduct disorder are included.

A

informant source

type of report

37
Q

ODD is significantly more common in (boys or girls?) than (boys or girls?).
• Symptoms are relatively stable between the ages of ______ and ______, but are thought to decline after that point.

A

Boys; girls

five and ten

38
Q

ODD is diagnosed more rarely in older children, partly in order to avoid ??????????.

A

labelling normative discord between children and their parents during adolescence

39
Q

In ICD-10, ODD is thought to only be a milder form of ______________.

A

conduct disorder

40
Q

Conduct Disorders
• ICD-10 has a category for conduct disorders, ____.

The clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines state: “Examples of the behaviours on which the diagnosis is based include the following:
• excessive levels of __________________;
• cruelty to __________ or __________;
•severe destructiveness to
• property; firesetting; stealing; repeated lying; truancy from school
• and running away from home; unusually frequent and severe
• temper tantrums; defiant provocative behaviour; and persistent
• severe disobedience. Any one of these categories, if marked, is
• sufficient for the diagnosis, but isolated dissocial acts are not.”

A

F91

fighting or bullying

animals or other people

41
Q

Symptoms of Conduct Disorder
To make a diagnosis, _____ symptoms have to be present, one for at least __________.
•_____ behaviours are listed to consider for the diagnosis of conduct disorder.

A

3; 6 months

15

42
Q

Conduct disorder

15 behaviours are listed to consider for the diagnosis of conduct disorder. They can be grouped into four classes:

List them

A

Aggression to people and animals
• Destruction of property
• Deceitfulness or theft
•Serious violatons of rules

43
Q

Conduct disorder

There are three subtypes:
•conduct disorder confined to _________________ (F91.0),
•___________ conduct disorder (F91.1, where the young person has no friends and is rejected by peers),
•and ___________ conduct disorder (F91.2, where peer relationships are normal).

A

the family context

unsocialised

socialised

44
Q

Depression

• To be diagnosed with MDD, a child or adolescent must have at least _________ of _____________________ manifested by either ________ or ________ mood and/or _________________ plus a group of other symptoms including wishing to be dead, suicidal ideation or attempts; increased or decreased appetite, weight, or sleep; and decreased activity, concentration, energy, or self-worth or exaggerated guilt

A

2 weeks

persistent change in mood

depressed or irritable

loss of interest and pleasure

45
Q

Overall, the clinical picture of MDD in children and adolescents is similar to the clinical picture in adults, but there are some differences that can be attributed to the childs physical, emotional, cognitive, and social developmental stages

For example, children may have mood lability, irritability, low frustration tolerance, temper tantrums, somatic complaints, and/or social withdrawal instead of __________ feelings of depression.
Also, children tend to have fewer ____________ symptoms, _________, and _____________ than depressed adults.

A

verbalizing; melancholic

delusions

suicide attempts

46
Q

Anxiety disorders

• Extremely (common or rare ?) in children and adolescents.

• 1.5-2 times as many (males or females?) compared to (males or females?) for most anxiety disorders.
• _______ childhood to _________ as onset

A

Common

Females; males

Middle; adolescence

47
Q

Anxiety disorders: Developmental Response

• Infants - fear of ________
• Toddlers – fear of ______, __________
• School age – injury , natural events like storms
• Older children /adolescents – worries and fears relating to ________________.
• There are normative but problematic if they do not subside over time or impair functioning.

A

loud noises

strangers; imaginary creatures.

school performance

48
Q

Anxiety disorders: developmental response

• Animal phobias –______ childhood (around 6-7 years)
• Separation anxiety disorder – _____________ childhood (around 7-8
years)
• Generalised anxiety disorder – _____ childhood (around 10-12 years)
• Social anxiety disorder –_____________ (around 11-13 years)
• Obsessive compulsive disorder –______________ (around 13-15
years)
• Panic disorder –______________ (around 22-24 years)

A

early

early to mid-

late; early adolescence

mid adolescence

early adulthood

49
Q

Separation anxiety disorder

Core features

A

Fear or concern that something bad wil happen to the child or attachment figure (commonly a parent) when they are separated.
As a result of this belief, the child avoids separation from the attachment figure.

50
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder

Core features?

A

Atendency to worry about a wide range of negative possibilities, that something bad wil happen

51
Q

Social phobia

Core features?

A

Fear and avoidance of social interactions or social performance due to a belief that others wil negatively evaluate the child

52
Q

Panic disorder

Core features?

A

Experience and fear of unexpected panic attacks commonly involving several somatic symptoms and fears of dying or going crazy

53
Q

Agoraphobia

Core features?

A

Fear of agoraphobic situations commonly due to fear of experiencing a panic attack in those situations

54
Q

Elimination Disorders
• Elimination disorders occur when children who are otherwise old enough to _________________ appropriately repeatedly __________________ in inappropriate places or at inappropriate times.
• The two disorders under this category are __________ and ___________.

A

eliminate waste

void faeces or urine

Enuresis and Encopresis

55
Q

Enuresis

•PRIMARY if child ___________________________
•SECONDARY enuresis refers to bedwetting episodes that occur after a child _________________________

A

has never been dry at night or only is occasionally dry at night.

has been dry at night for a considerable length of time

56
Q

Treatment
The treatment of enuresis can take a multiple approach;
•1.____________ and _________
2. ______________therapy
3. _____________ & Other

A

Counseling and Psychotherapy

Pharmaco

Behavioral

57
Q

Treatment
The treatment of enuresis can take a multiple approach;

Pharmacotherapy : In older children, imipramine may be prescribed, but close observation of the child’s response to medication must be maintained. Imipramine may begin to work by the ____________ night. Treatment usually lasts ____________
______ relapse rate.

A

first or second

4 to 6 months.

High

58
Q

Treatment of enuresis

Behavioral & Other:
_________________ Pants
Ensure ________ to the toilet at night
Encourage a ____________ throughout the day
Encourage small steps, such as going to the toilet before bed without prompting

Enuresis ________ or ________

A

Night-time Protection

easy access

good level of fluid intake

alarm or buzzer

59
Q

Imipramine (Tofranil) - a _________________.

Desmopressin acetate - a ________ form of the _______________ and is administered as a ___________.

A

tricyclic antidepressant

synthetic; antidiuretic hormone

nasal spray

60
Q

Which is less common?

Enuresis or Encopresis?

A

Encopresis

61
Q

Adolescence

•Adolescence is the period in of transition from ________ to _________

A

childhood to adulthood.

62
Q

In adolescence,

Brain development is a mix of ________ and _____________. In the Adolescent Brain the ____________ and ____________ is thought to ensure that appropriate connectivity is established, with neurons and synapses that fail to make appropriate connections being lost

A

expansion and regression

overproduction and pruning

63
Q

Adolescent Psych disorders
• _______
• ____________ DISORDERS
• ____________ DISORDERS (Depression and Bipolar disorders)
• DELIBERATE ____________
• ____________ ____________
• PUI
• ____________ DISORDERS
• ____________

A

Adolescent Psych disorders
• ADHD
• ANXIETY DISORDERS
• MOOD DISORDERS (Depression and Bipolar disorders) • DELIBERATE SELF HARM
• SUBSTANCE ABUSE
• PUI
• EATING DISORDERS
• PTSD

64
Q

_____________ is one of the most common forms of emotional problems in young people.
A mood disorder.

A

Depression

65
Q

Experts estimate that about one in __________ teens are depressed (Reynolds, 1995).

A

twenty

66
Q

One in _________ depressed adolescents use drugs or alcohol to cope with the problem (Fleming and Offord, 1990).

A

four

67
Q

Bipolar disorder
• Common mood disorder with onset in ________ or ____________.
• Characterised by fluctuation in mood.______ versus _____ mood.
•___________, increased _______[, decreased need for _______. High risk behaviour
• Often a positive ________ history exists.
• In adolescence – substance abuse, irritability/ aggression, indiscriminate sexual behaviour.

A

adolescence or young adding

High: Low

Grandiosity; energy; sleep

family

68
Q

Obsessesive Compulsive disorder (OCD)

•Similar to adults with OCD, 60% to 80% of affected children and adolescents have ______________________.

•Some of the most common are _____ disorders, _______________, other anxiety disorders, mood and eating disorders.

A

one or more comorbid psychiatric disorders

tic; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

69
Q

OCD

Two components ;
•Obsession –________ component – ________,__________.
•Compulsion – to _________ the obsession

A

thought; intrusive ; ego dystonic

relieve

70
Q

______________________________ ((PIU)

A

PROBLEMATIC INTERNET USE

71
Q

Commonest type of eating disorder is??

A

Anorexia nervosa

72
Q

Anorexia nervosa.

Characterized by

____________+ ___________ + ___________

A

Weight preoccupation

retricted diet

Weight loss

73
Q

BN- Bulimia Nervosa

Characterized by

_________________ +_________ + ___________

A

Weight preoccupation

overeating

purging

74
Q

ARID – ????

A

Avoidant and restrictive intake disorder.

75
Q

PTSD

Characterised by triad of ___________,___________, and _____________

— Diagnosed at least ________ after event

A

intrusive thoughts (flash backs), hyperarousal, and avoidance.

a month

Junior Psychiatry (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions