Child development and early developmental Theories

Question 1

THEORIES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

List 8

Answer 1

1. Freud’spsychosexual stage theory.
2. Erikson’spsychosocial stage theory.
3. Piaget’s cognitive developmentstage theory.
4. Kohlberg’s moral understanding stage theory.
5. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory.
6. Behavioural Theories
7. Attachment Theory
8. Social Learning Theory

Question 2

Psychosexual stages of development - Sigmund Freud

According tosigmund freud, personality is mostly established by the age of _____.

Answer 2

five

Question 3

Freud believed that personality develops through a series of childhood stages during which the _____________ energies of theidbecome focused on certain erogenous areas.

This psychosexual energy, or _______, was described as the driving force behind behavior.

If these psychosexual stages are completed successfully, the result is a healthy personality. If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, _________can occur.

Answer 3

pleasure-seeking

libido

fixation

Question 4

A fixation is a ____________ on an earlier psychosexual stage. Until this conflict is resolved, the individual will remain “______” in this stage.

Answer 4

persistent focus; stuck

Question 5

Psychosexual theories

The theories proposed bySigmund Freud stressed the importance of ___________ events and experiences, but almost exclusively focused on _________ rather that ________________.

Answer 5

childhood

mental disorders

normal functioning

Question 6

Psychosexual stages

Freud outlined these stages as ______,_______,_______,________, and _________.

Answer 6

oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital

Question 7

Psychosexual stages of development

The OralStage ______ yrs
The AnalStage ______ yrs
The PhallicStage ______ yrs
The LatentPeriod ______ yrs
The GenitalStage ______ yrs and above

Answer 7

The OralStage 0-2 yrs
The AnalStage 2- 5 yrs
The PhallicStage 5 – 7yrs
The LatentPeriod 7 – 11 yrs
The GenitalStage 11 yrs and above

Question 8

Psychosexual stages

Oral Stage – birth to age two - the mouth is the main source of information and of pleasure - eating, sucking, biting/chewing - prototypes for later behaviors and character traits e.g., the gullible person; using “biting” humor; gum chewing and smoking - two sources of conflict involve _______ and _________ : may lead to a fixation

Answer 8

weaning and biting

Question 9

Psychosexual stages

Anal Stage – 2 nd and 5th year of life - pleasure is associated with expulsion or retention of feces - often the first attempt to regulate _________ impulses - also when child begins to assert it’s ___________ - rigid, harsh training may lead child to rebel and hold back feces - if this reaction generalizes, may develop a retentive character: ________ and ________ - or child may vent rage by expelling inappropriately - may become prototype for expulsive traits: ________,_________, and —————

Answer 9

instinctual; independence

obstinate and stingy

tantrums, destructiveness, messy disorderliness

Question 10

Psychosexual stages

Phallic Stage – 5 th and 7 th year - the little boy wants to be the _____________________ - his main rival is the father - he wants to eliminate the father, and experiences guilt and fear because of that - fears ________ - the _________ complex is resolved when the little boy identifies with the father, gaining the mother’s love vicariously - the little girl discovers she has no penis - assumes she has been castrated and blames the mother - desires a penis (_________) - chooses the father as a love object - resolved through _________, realizing she can’t possess the father - increased interest in gender differences - genitals become the source of pleasure - not associated with __________, but with _____________.

Answer 10

exclusive object of the mother’s love

castration; Oedipus; penis envy

maturation; reproduction

autoeroticism

Question 11

Psychosexual stages

LATENCY PERIOD - A TIME OF RELATIVE SEXUAL ________ - SEXUAL IMPULSES ARE CHANNELED INTO ______,___________ INTERESTS AND PEER RELATIONS.

Answer 11

CALM

SPORTS, INTELLECTUAL

Question 12

Psychosexual stages

GENITAL STAGE –
GENITAL ORGANS MATURE - REBIRTH OF ____________, NOW REDIRECTED TO OTHERS - MATURE PEOPLE SATISFY THEIR SEXUAL NEEDS IN SOCIALLY APPROVED WAY

Answer 12

SEXUAL DRIVE

Question 13

Psychosocial stages of development by Erik Erikson

TheoristErik Eriksonalso proposed a stage theory of development, but his theory ________________________________________________.

Erikson believed that each stage of development was focused on ________________________.

Answer 13

encompassed development throughout the human lifespan

overcoming a conflict

Question 14

Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages.

UnlikeFreud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience _____________________________.

Answer 14

across the whole lifespan.

Question 15

Erikson’s stages of development

Stage: basic conflict: event

Infancy
Early childhood
Preschool
School age

Answer 15

Trust Vs Mistrust ; Feeding
Autonomy vs shame and doubt; toilet training
Initiative vs guilt; exploration
Industry vs inferiority ; school

Question 16

Erikson’s stages of development

Stage: basic conflict: event

Adolescence
Young Adulthood
Middle adulthood
Maturity

Answer 16

Identity vs role confusion ;social relationships
Intimacy vs isolation ; relationships
Generativity vs stagnation; work and parenthood
Ego integrity vs despair; reflection of life

Question 17

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

The ________ stage – 0-2yrs -
The ____________ stage – 2- 6yrs -
The _______________ stage 7- 11yrs
The _____________ stage 12 and above

Answer 17

Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete operational

Formal operational

Question 18

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

The Sensorimotor stage – 0-2yrs - the first stage of piaget’s theory lasts from birth to approximately age two and is centered on the infant trying to ____________________.

During the sensorimotor stage, an infant’s knowledge of the world is limited to their sensory perceptions and motor activities. Children utilize skills and abilities they were born with, such as looking, sucking, grasping, and listening, to learn more about the environment.

Answer 18

make sense of the world

Question 19

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

The Preoperational stage – 2- 6yrs - the preoperational stage occurs between ages two and six. —————- development is one of the hallmarks of this period. Piaget noted that children in this stage do not yet understand ___________, cannot mentally _______________, and are unable to take the point of view of other people, which he termed _____________.

During the preoperational stage, children also become increasingly adept at using ___________, as evidenced by the increase in playing and pretending. For example, a child is able to use an object to represent something else, such as pretending a broom is a horse. ————- also becomes important during the preoperational stage. Children often play the roles of “mommy,” “daddy,” “doctor,” and many others.

Answer 19

Language

concrete logic

manipulate information

egocentrism; symbols; Role playing

Question 20

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

The Concrete operational stage 7- 11yrs - During this time, children gain a better understanding of _____________. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding __________ or ___________ concepts.

Answer 20

mental operations

abstract or hypothetical

Question 21

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

The Formal operational stage 12 and above - the formal operational stage begins at approximately age twelve to and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to ____________________. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning,

Answer 21

think about abstract concepts

Question 22

Kohlberg’s moral understanding stage theory.

Involves 6 stages divided into 3 groups namely:
______________ level
______________ level
______________ level

Answer 22

Pre-conventional level
Conventional level
Post-conventional level

Question 23

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory.

Urie Bronfenbrenner was a Russian-born American developmental psychologist whose most significant work was hisecological systems theoryof child development

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theoryviews child development as a complexsystemof relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, from immediate settings of family and school to broad cultural values, laws, and customs.

Bronfenbrennerbelieved that a person’s development was affected by everything in their surrounding _____________.

Answer 23

environment

Question 24

The five environmental systems
Theecological systems theoryholds that we encounter different environments throughout our lifespan that may influence our behavior in varying degrees.
Thesesystemsinclude: list them

Answer 24

microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem

Question 25

SYSTEMS

Viewed from the innermost system outwards, Bronfenbrenner’s model illustrates the following systems:

1. Microsystem— This is the first, and closest, layer of the nested systems which encompasses an individual’shuman relationships, interpersonal interactions and most immediate surroundings. Thus depicting the relationship between an individual child and _______________________________ environment.

Answer 25

his/her parents, siblings, andschool

Question 26

SYSTEMS

2. Mesosystem— Moving outwards, the second layer surrounding the microsystem encompasses the different interactions between the ___________________________. This could include, for instance, the relationships between a child’s family and their school teachers. For any interaction to qualify as part of the mesosystem, it has to be a direct interaction between two features of the bio-ecological system which influence the development of the individual child.

Answer 26

characters contained within the microsystem

Question 27

SYSTEMS

3. Exosystem— The third layer is the exosystem which incorporates elements of the bio-ecological systems which _________________, but may _______________. For instance, if a parent were to be made redundant or have their working hours reduced, this would then indirectly affect their child in that such events would create parentalstressand reduce the family income.

Answer 27

do not directly affect the child

have an indirect influence

Question 28

SYSTEMS

4. Macrosystem— The outermost, “macro” layer of the bio-ecological model encompasses _________ and __________ beliefs, decisions and actions which influence an individual child’s development. This might include, for example, religious influences or parliamentary legislation.

Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological approach helps practitioners to consider the true balance of influences which are likely to play a part in the development of any young child.

Answer 28

cultural and societal

Question 29

Behavioural / Learning Theories

Behavioral or learning theories of child development focus on how _________________ influences behavior

Based upon the theories of theorists such asJohn B. Watson,Ivan PavlovandB. F. Skinner.

These theories deal only with _________ behaviors.

Development is considered a reaction to _________,_________,___________, and ___________

Answer 29

environmental interaction

observable

rewards, punishments, stimuli and reinforcement.

Question 30

Examples of behavioral/ learning theories

Answer 30

Examples Classical and Operant conditioning

Question 31

Classical conditioning

One of the best-known aspects of behavioral learning theory is classical conditioning.

Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an ___________ stimulus and a ____________ stimulus.

In order to understand how classical conditioning works, it is important to be familiar with the basic principles of the process.

Answer 31

Environmental

naturally occurring

Question 32

Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning in which organisms adjust ____________ according to __________________________ between environmental stimuli or stimuli that are produced and perceived within the organism.

Answer 32

their responses

observed temporal relations

Question 33

Extinction describes the __________ of a behavior when ___________________________________

Answer 33

gradual decline

the CS is repeatedly presented without the US.

Question 34

Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as _____________ conditioning)

a method of learning that occurs through __________ and ____________ for behavior.

Answer 34

instrumental

rewards and punishments

Question 35

Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning

Positive Reinforcement – Strengthening a behavior (increasing the probability that it will reoccur) by ___________________________ after the behavior has occurred

• Negative Reinforcement – Strengthening a behavior (increasing the probability that it will reoccur) by ____________________ after the behavior has occurred

Answer 35

presenting a positive stimulus immediately

removing a negative stimulus immediately

Question 36

Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning

Presentation Punishment (Type I) – Weakening a behavior (decreasing) the probability that it will reoccur) by _________________________________ after the behavior has occurred

Answer 36

presenting an aversive stimulus immediately

Question 37

Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning

• Extinction – When a previously reinforced behavior decreases in frequency and eventually ceases altogether because ______________________

• Spontaneous Recovery – When an extinguished behavior __________________________

Answer 37

reinforcement is withheld

reappears without having been reinforced

Question 38

Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning

• Shaping – Reducing complex behaviors into ____________________________ – Reinforcing successive approximations to the complex behavior

Answer 38

a sequence of more simple behaviors

Question 39

Classical VS Operant

Nature of response
Timing of stimulus
Timing of response
Role of learner

Answer 39

Involuntary ; voluntary ( but can be both)
Before; after
After; before
Passive ; active

Question 40

Theory of Attachment

Attachment theorystates that a _________________________ attachmentto at least ______________ is critical to personal development.

Answer 40

strong emotional and physical

one primary caregiver

Question 41

Bowlby believed that there are four distinguishing characteristics of attachment:

__________________: The desire to be near the people we are attached to.

_____________: Returning to the attachment figure for comfort and safety in the face of a fear or threat.

____________: The attachment figure acts as a base of security from which the child can explore the surrounding environment.

_____________: Anxiety that occurs in the absence of the attachment figure.

Answer 41

Proximity maintenance
Safe haven
Secure base
Separation distress

Question 42

ATTACHMENT STYLES

Ainsworth described three major styles of attachment:

________ attachment, _______________ attachment, and ______________ attachment.

Later, researchers Main and Solomon (1986) added a fourth attachment style called _______________ attachment based on their own research

Answer 42

secure

ambivalent-insecure

avoidant-insecure

disorganized-insecure