Child development and early developmental Theories Flashcards
THEORIES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
List 8
- Freud’spsychosexual stage theory.
- Erikson’spsychosocial stage theory.
- Piaget’s cognitive developmentstage theory.
- Kohlberg’s moral understanding stage theory.
- Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory.
- Behavioural Theories
- Attachment Theory
- Social Learning Theory
Psychosexual stages of development - Sigmund Freud
According tosigmund freud, personality is mostly established by the age of _____.
five
Freud believed that personality develops through a series of childhood stages during which the _____________ energies of theidbecome focused on certain erogenous areas.
This psychosexual energy, or _______, was described as the driving force behind behavior.
If these psychosexual stages are completed successfully, the result is a healthy personality. If certain issues are not resolved at the appropriate stage, _________can occur.
pleasure-seeking
libido
fixation
A fixation is a ____________ on an earlier psychosexual stage. Until this conflict is resolved, the individual will remain “______” in this stage.
persistent focus; stuck
Psychosexual theories
The theories proposed bySigmund Freud stressed the importance of ___________ events and experiences, but almost exclusively focused on _________ rather that ________________.
childhood
mental disorders
normal functioning
Psychosexual stages
Freud outlined these stages as ______,_______,_______,________, and _________.
oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital
Psychosexual stages of development
The OralStage ______ yrs
The AnalStage ______ yrs
The PhallicStage ______ yrs
The LatentPeriod ______ yrs
The GenitalStage ______ yrs and above
The OralStage 0-2 yrs
The AnalStage 2- 5 yrs
The PhallicStage 5 – 7yrs
The LatentPeriod 7 – 11 yrs
The GenitalStage 11 yrs and above
Psychosexual stages
Oral Stage – birth to age two - the mouth is the main source of information and of pleasure - eating, sucking, biting/chewing - prototypes for later behaviors and character traits e.g., the gullible person; using “biting” humor; gum chewing and smoking - two sources of conflict involve _______ and _________ : may lead to a fixation
weaning and biting
Psychosexual stages
Anal Stage – 2 nd and 5th year of life - pleasure is associated with expulsion or retention of feces - often the first attempt to regulate _________ impulses - also when child begins to assert it’s ___________ - rigid, harsh training may lead child to rebel and hold back feces - if this reaction generalizes, may develop a retentive character: ________ and ________ - or child may vent rage by expelling inappropriately - may become prototype for expulsive traits: ________,_________, and —————
instinctual; independence
obstinate and stingy
tantrums, destructiveness, messy disorderliness
Psychosexual stages
Phallic Stage – 5 th and 7 th year - the little boy wants to be the _____________________ - his main rival is the father - he wants to eliminate the father, and experiences guilt and fear because of that - fears ________ - the _________ complex is resolved when the little boy identifies with the father, gaining the mother’s love vicariously - the little girl discovers she has no penis - assumes she has been castrated and blames the mother - desires a penis (_________) - chooses the father as a love object - resolved through _________, realizing she can’t possess the father - increased interest in gender differences - genitals become the source of pleasure - not associated with __________, but with _____________.
exclusive object of the mother’s love
castration; Oedipus; penis envy
maturation; reproduction
autoeroticism
Psychosexual stages
LATENCY PERIOD - A TIME OF RELATIVE SEXUAL ________ - SEXUAL IMPULSES ARE CHANNELED INTO ______,___________ INTERESTS AND PEER RELATIONS.
CALM
SPORTS, INTELLECTUAL
Psychosexual stages
GENITAL STAGE –
GENITAL ORGANS MATURE - REBIRTH OF ____________, NOW REDIRECTED TO OTHERS - MATURE PEOPLE SATISFY THEIR SEXUAL NEEDS IN SOCIALLY APPROVED WAY
SEXUAL DRIVE
Psychosocial stages of development by Erik Erikson
TheoristErik Eriksonalso proposed a stage theory of development, but his theory ________________________________________________.
Erikson believed that each stage of development was focused on ________________________.
encompassed development throughout the human lifespan
overcoming a conflict
Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages.
UnlikeFreud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience _____________________________.
across the whole lifespan.
Erikson’s stages of development
Stage: basic conflict: event
Infancy
Early childhood
Preschool
School age
Trust Vs Mistrust ; Feeding
Autonomy vs shame and doubt; toilet training
Initiative vs guilt; exploration
Industry vs inferiority ; school
Erikson’s stages of development
Stage: basic conflict: event
Adolescence
Young Adulthood
Middle adulthood
Maturity
Identity vs role confusion ;social relationships
Intimacy vs isolation ; relationships
Generativity vs stagnation; work and parenthood
Ego integrity vs despair; reflection of life
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
The ________ stage – 0-2yrs -
The ____________ stage – 2- 6yrs -
The _______________ stage 7- 11yrs
The _____________ stage 12 and above
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
The Sensorimotor stage – 0-2yrs - the first stage of piaget’s theory lasts from birth to approximately age two and is centered on the infant trying to ____________________.
During the sensorimotor stage, an infant’s knowledge of the world is limited to their sensory perceptions and motor activities. Children utilize skills and abilities they were born with, such as looking, sucking, grasping, and listening, to learn more about the environment.
make sense of the world
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
The Preoperational stage – 2- 6yrs - the preoperational stage occurs between ages two and six. —————- development is one of the hallmarks of this period. Piaget noted that children in this stage do not yet understand ___________, cannot mentally _______________, and are unable to take the point of view of other people, which he termed _____________.
During the preoperational stage, children also become increasingly adept at using ___________, as evidenced by the increase in playing and pretending. For example, a child is able to use an object to represent something else, such as pretending a broom is a horse. ————- also becomes important during the preoperational stage. Children often play the roles of “mommy,” “daddy,” “doctor,” and many others.
Language
concrete logic
manipulate information
egocentrism; symbols; Role playing
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
The Concrete operational stage 7- 11yrs - During this time, children gain a better understanding of _____________. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding __________ or ___________ concepts.
mental operations
abstract or hypothetical
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
The Formal operational stage 12 and above - the formal operational stage begins at approximately age twelve to and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to ____________________. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning,
think about abstract concepts
Kohlberg’s moral understanding stage theory.
Involves 6 stages divided into 3 groups namely:
______________ level
______________ level
______________ level
Pre-conventional level
Conventional level
Post-conventional level
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory.
Urie Bronfenbrenner was a Russian-born American developmental psychologist whose most significant work was hisecological systems theoryof child development
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theoryviews child development as a complexsystemof relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, from immediate settings of family and school to broad cultural values, laws, and customs.
Bronfenbrennerbelieved that a person’s development was affected by everything in their surrounding _____________.
environment
The five environmental systems
Theecological systems theoryholds that we encounter different environments throughout our lifespan that may influence our behavior in varying degrees.
Thesesystemsinclude: list them
microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem
SYSTEMS
Viewed from the innermost system outwards, Bronfenbrenner’s model illustrates the following systems:
- Microsystem— This is the first, and closest, layer of the nested systems which encompasses an individual’shuman relationships, interpersonal interactions and most immediate surroundings. Thus depicting the relationship between an individual child and _______________________________ environment.
his/her parents, siblings, andschool
SYSTEMS
- Mesosystem— Moving outwards, the second layer surrounding the microsystem encompasses the different interactions between the ___________________________. This could include, for instance, the relationships between a child’s family and their school teachers. For any interaction to qualify as part of the mesosystem, it has to be a direct interaction between two features of the bio-ecological system which influence the development of the individual child.
characters contained within the microsystem
SYSTEMS
- Exosystem— The third layer is the exosystem which incorporates elements of the bio-ecological systems which _________________, but may _______________. For instance, if a parent were to be made redundant or have their working hours reduced, this would then indirectly affect their child in that such events would create parentalstressand reduce the family income.
do not directly affect the child
have an indirect influence
SYSTEMS
- Macrosystem— The outermost, “macro” layer of the bio-ecological model encompasses _________ and __________ beliefs, decisions and actions which influence an individual child’s development. This might include, for example, religious influences or parliamentary legislation.
Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological approach helps practitioners to consider the true balance of influences which are likely to play a part in the development of any young child.
cultural and societal
Behavioural / Learning Theories
Behavioral or learning theories of child development focus on how _________________ influences behavior
Based upon the theories of theorists such asJohn B. Watson,Ivan PavlovandB. F. Skinner.
These theories deal only with _________ behaviors.
Development is considered a reaction to _________,_________,___________, and ___________
environmental interaction
observable
rewards, punishments, stimuli and reinforcement.
Examples of behavioral/ learning theories
Examples Classical and Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
One of the best-known aspects of behavioral learning theory is classical conditioning.
Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an ___________ stimulus and a ____________ stimulus.
In order to understand how classical conditioning works, it is important to be familiar with the basic principles of the process.
Environmental
naturally occurring
Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning in which organisms adjust ____________ according to __________________________ between environmental stimuli or stimuli that are produced and perceived within the organism.
their responses
observed temporal relations
Extinction describes the __________ of a behavior when ___________________________________
gradual decline
the CS is repeatedly presented without the US.
Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as _____________ conditioning)
a method of learning that occurs through __________ and ____________ for behavior.
instrumental
rewards and punishments
Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning
Positive Reinforcement – Strengthening a behavior (increasing the probability that it will reoccur) by ___________________________ after the behavior has occurred
• Negative Reinforcement – Strengthening a behavior (increasing the probability that it will reoccur) by ____________________ after the behavior has occurred
presenting a positive stimulus immediately
removing a negative stimulus immediately
Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning
Presentation Punishment (Type I) – Weakening a behavior (decreasing) the probability that it will reoccur) by _________________________________ after the behavior has occurred
presenting an aversive stimulus immediately
Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning
• Extinction – When a previously reinforced behavior decreases in frequency and eventually ceases altogether because ______________________
• Spontaneous Recovery – When an extinguished behavior __________________________
reinforcement is withheld
reappears without having been reinforced
Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning
• Shaping – Reducing complex behaviors into ____________________________ – Reinforcing successive approximations to the complex behavior
a sequence of more simple behaviors
Classical VS Operant
Nature of response
Timing of stimulus
Timing of response
Role of learner
Involuntary ; voluntary ( but can be both)
Before; after
After; before
Passive ; active
Theory of Attachment
Attachment theorystates that a _________________________ attachmentto at least ______________ is critical to personal development.
strong emotional and physical
one primary caregiver
Bowlby believed that there are four distinguishing characteristics of attachment:
__________________: The desire to be near the people we are attached to.
_____________: Returning to the attachment figure for comfort and safety in the face of a fear or threat.
____________: The attachment figure acts as a base of security from which the child can explore the surrounding environment.
_____________: Anxiety that occurs in the absence of the attachment figure.
Proximity maintenance
Safe haven
Secure base
Separation distress
ATTACHMENT STYLES
Ainsworth described three major styles of attachment:
________ attachment, _______________ attachment, and ______________ attachment.
Later, researchers Main and Solomon (1986) added a fourth attachment style called _______________ attachment based on their own research
secure
ambivalent-insecure
avoidant-insecure
disorganized-insecure
