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Primer Año > Chemistry partial 3 final exam > Flashcards

Chemistry partial 3 final exam Flashcards

0
Q

Physical change

A

When matter transforms but there is no new substance created

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1
Q

Chemical change

A

It’s when your chemical structure is rearranged or changed to make something new. Change I. The internal structure a new substance is created

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2
Q

Nuclear change

A

When not only the internal structure is changed but also the nucleus of an atom is changed

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3
Q

Intensive properties

A 
Don't rely on the amount of matter
Density 
Composition
Luster
Flammability
Melting and boiling point
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4
Q

Extensive properties

A 
Depend on amount of matter
Volume
Mass
Size or length
Shape
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5
Q

Qualitative properties

A 
Color
Size
Shape
Odor
Luster
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6
Q

Quantitative properties

A 
Mass
Volume
Boiling and melting points
Density
Temperature
Composition
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7
Q

Chemical properties

A

Needs a chemical text ion to know it
Composition and toxicity
Corrosive
Reactivity to something

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8
Q

Physical properties

A 
Describes the physical state of matter
Color
Volume 
Mass
Length or size
Etc
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9
Q

Chemical verbal equations

A

You need the reactants to get a product and maybe they use a catalyze and you add temperature if there is and also the states both sides are in

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10
Q

Evidence of a chemical change

A

If all properties all different
Formation of bubbles or gas
Change of color
Solid is made (precipitation or solidification)
Energy release or absorption of it: heat, light, sound

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11
Q

SI units

A

Length

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12
Q

Si prefixes

A 
Tera 10-12
Giga 10-9
Mega 10-6
Kilo 10-3
Hecto 10-2
Deka 10-1
Deci 10--1
Centi 10--2
Milli 10--3
Micro 10--6
Nano 10--9
Pico 10--12
Femto 10--15
Atto 10--18
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13
Q

Units

A

They define the property we want to measure more accurately
And tell us what we’re measuring which quantities and such. They can have a pedix

Cm
Palms
Markers
Meters etc

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14
Q

Magnitude

A

The number in units

The actual number

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15
Q

Quantity

A

What we are measuring

Length 
Height 
Mass
Time 
Etx
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16
Q

Density

A

Mass over volume

M/s
Kg/ms
G/cm3
G/ml
G/ml3
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17
Q

Properties of solids

A 
Volume definite
Shape definite
Density high 
Particle Movement vibrating 
Compressibility  none incompressible 
Particle position fixed
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18
Q

Properties of liquids 6

A

Volume definite(always close together)
Shape indefinite
Density sort of high
Compressibility little virtually none
Particle position sort of fixed always close together and moving
Particle Movement moving past each other more than solids

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19
Q

Properties of gases

A 
Volume indefinite 
Shape indefinite
Density low
Particle movement crazy free, independent and fast 
Compressibility very 
Particle position not fixed
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20
Q

Properties of plasma

A 
Extremely energetic gas
Volume indefinite
Shape indefinite
Density super low
Particle movement bounce and super fast
Compressibility super 
Particle position not fixed and independent
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21
Q

How can we classify matter?

A

By purity
By origin( synthetic or natural)
Presence of carbon
Physical state(aggregation state)

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22
Q

Precision

A

Variations of the measures with the same instrument

Variation of measurements

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23
Q

Accuracy

A

The more exact and approximate to reality

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24
Q

Percentage of error

A

Measured value- actual value/ actual value and everything times 100

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25
Q

Significant figures

A

In a measurement consists of all digits know the certainty of them

For multiplication and divisor you do the operation and state the number with lowest and you take them.

For adding and subtracting you do the operation and you take the significant figures closest to the decimal

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26
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do something

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27
Q

Types of energy

A

Potential- stored energy
Nuclear, gravitational, chemical, electric, elastic
Kinetic energy - energy due to movement
Sound ,light,Thermal, mechanical

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28
Q

Exothermic and endothemic

A

Lose energy and gaming energy

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29
Q

Heat

A

Transfer of kinetic energy

Fastest moving particles to slowest only if they’re in touch

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30
Q

Temperature

A

Average kinetic energy

Can last as long as it is not touching another object

31
Q

Scale conversions for temperature

A 
K= c+ 273.15
C= k+ 273.15
32
Q

Dimensional analysis

A

How much of this equals to this??

What you are converting to must be up and what you are converting from down so or can cancel out

33
Q

Scientific method

Variables and controls

A

Observation, why..?
Hypothesis, really specific and able to prove false and logical and clear and testable
Experiment, you can only have one variable and everything else every reason must be In Control
Conclusion, scientific knowledge

34
Q

Hypothesis, law and theory

A

Speculating statement
More general it doesn’t explain why but describes what happens
Series of proven hypotheses

35
Q

Ponderal laws

A

Law of definite proportions- Proust (no matter how much mass you have of whichever element you will always have the same density…)
Law of conservation of mass- Lavoisier
Law of multiple proportions- dalton (matter comes in packages and always they react in whole numbers and these packages are called atoms)

36
Q

Periodic table

A 
Main group s and p 
Others d and f
Groups:
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Post transition metals ( like stairs)
Metalloids 
Other non metals ( inverted stairs) 
Halogens 
Noble gases
37
Q

Metallic bond properties

A 
Sharing of electrons thorough sea of electrons
Good electric conductor also thermal
Once polished they're shiny 
Whitish or grayish
Hard and resistant
Ductility and malleability 
Positive valence
Form oxides with oxygen also salts metal lattice!!!
38
Q

Periodic table trends

A

Atomically radius
From positive to negative and from negative to positive
Ionization energy and lectronegativiity
Inverse to atomic radius

39
Q

Ion

A

Atom with a charge

40
Q

Crystal lattice

A

Metallic element

  1. Turn into gas(endothermic)
  2. Remove electrons to forms ions ( endothermic)

Non metallic element

  1. Gas then atoms ( endothermic)
  2. Add electrons to form ions( Exothermic)
41
Q

Poly atomic ion

A

Hypo- ite
Ite
Ate
Per- ate

42
Q

Covalent bond

A

sharing electrons through molecular orbitals
And you get bond lenght and bond energy from getting covalent bonds. The less energy there is the more stable
Less bond lenght the more energy because they would be more stable.

43
Q

VSEPR

A

Valence shell electron pair repultion

44
Q

Linear

A

bonding regions: 0 or 2

Lone pairs: 0

45
Q

Trigonal planar(no 3d)

A

Bonding regions: 3

Lone pairs:0

46
Q

Bent planar

A

Bonding regions: 2

Lone pairs:1

47
Q

Trigonal pyramidal

A

Bonding regions:3

Lone pairs:1

48
Q

Bent pyramidal

A

Bonding regions:2

Lone pairs:2

49
Q

Tetrahedral

A

Bonding regions:4

Lone pairs:0

50
Q

Trigonal by-pyramidal

A

Bonding regions:5

Lone pairs:0

51
Q

Octahedral

A

Bonding regions:6

Lone pairs:0

52
Q

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND BOILING POINT.

A

The melting point is affected in the covalent bond by being polar and nonpolar because of electronegativity and atraction, they are weak forces between molecules when they interact.
Types: Ion-dipole (strong)
Dipole-Dipole (permanent?)(normal)
Hydrogen bond, hydrogen and something very electronegative (super strong)
London/Dispersion, disbalance of electrons (weak)

53
Q

Hydrocarbon classification

A 
They're compounds made from just carbon and hudrogen
SATURATED: alkanes, C n H 2n+2
NON-SATURATED: alkenes, C n H 2n
Alkynes, C n H 2n-2
Aomatic, has benzene it's a hexagon
54
Q

Hybridization

A

why carbon when it’s supposed to from two bonds makes four
SIngle bond: sp3, makes four sp3 and no p
Doible bond: sp2, makes three sp2 and one p
Triple bond: makes two sp and two p

55
Q

Isomers

A

They have the same structures but they have different structures.

56
Q

Hydrocarbon Nomenclature

A 
1-Meth
2-Eth
3-Prop
4-But
5-Pent
  1. Find longest chain of carbons “main chain”
  2. Number main chain with the one that is closest to a complex ramification
  3. Find and group together rammifications, declare carbon to which they’re attached and name them with yl.
  4. Name the main chain
57
Q

Thiol (Functional group)

A

Sulfur instead of oxygen in OH

58
Q

Ether (Functional group)

A

Oxygen is bonded to two carbons

59
Q

Sulfide (Functional group)

A

Instead of oxygen like in ether, a sulfur atom

60
Q

Amines (Functional group)

A

Nitrogen in the center

61
Q

Phosphate and phosphate ester(Functional group)

A

P in the center and oxygens all around

Phosphates linked to carbons and they can be abreviated by p

62
Q

Ketone (Functional group)

A

carbonyl bonded to two other carbons

63
Q

Aldehyde (Functional group)

A

carbonyl bonded to one carbon and one hydrogen

64
Q

Imine (Functional group)

A

carbon-nitrogen double bonds

65
Q

Carboxylix acid (Functional group)

A

carbonyl bonded to alcohol and hydrogen, derivates can be O, N, S or halogens instead of H

66
Q

Amide (Functional group)

A

Carbonyl-Nitrogen and N to C or H or both

67
Q

Ester (Functional group)

A

carbonyl to oxygen that is bonded to other carbon

68
Q

Thioester (Functional group)

A

similar to ester but instead of O, you have S

69
Q

Acyl phosphate (Functional group)

A

carbonyl bonded to an oxygen of a phosphate

70
Q

Acid chloride (Functional group)

A

carbonyl to chlorine

71
Q

Nitrite [Cyano[ (Functional group)

A

Carbon triple bonded to oxygen

72
Q

Metals and nonmetals in Mexico

A 
METALS: Gold-Sonora
Silver-Zacatecas
Lead-Zacatecas
Copper-Sonora
Zinc-Zacatecas
NONMETALS: Sulfur-Tabasco
Fluorine- Coahuila
Carbon-Coahuila
Phosphorus-Baja California Sur
73
Q

Energy sources

A

FOSSIL FUEL:Animal and plant remains and can do thermal energy, Fast energy and raw material but it is nonrenewable and releases greenhouse gases.
SOLAR: Technology to harness the sun’s energy, it doesnt pollute and sun is free but installation is expensive and weather conditions are omportant to function.
HYDROGEN: Decompose water and compose it again, no pollution and renewable but expensive and highly flammable
BIOMASS: Burning up organic material, abundant and cheao but harmful to enviroment and consumes more fuel
GEOTHERMAL: Thermal energy from the earth’s core, sustainable and renewable but not easy to maintain and big scale pression.
EOLIC: wind movement and temperature that can be converted to mechanical power, wind is free and no greehouse gases but noisy and expensive set up.
NUCLEAR: spliting uranium atoms, lower greenhouse gases and renewable but risks and accidents and high costs.
TIDAL:Form of hydropower, most eficient and predictable but high cost for constructuin and 10 hours a day.

74
Q

Strategies for responsible use of matter (enviroment)

A

Restorative; reusing and making things for more good using
Reductive: Reduces input(new process)
Preventive: Use less before it’s too late (new material)

Primer Año (30 decks)

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