Chemistry Flashcards
Ph acidic vs basic ranges?
Lower than 7 is acid
Higher than 7 is basic(alkaline)
7 is neutral
What is chemistry?
A scientific discipline concerned with the atomic composition and structure of substances and the reactions they undergo.
Potential Energy?
Stored energy
Kinetic Energy?
Energy in motion
Chemical Energy?
A form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds eg: ATP
Electrical Energy?
A form of energy that results from the movement of charged particles
Radiant or electromagnetic energy?
Energy that travels in waves eg: X-rays, radio waves, microwaves
Sodium Symbol
Na
Chloride Symbol
Cl
Magnesium Symbol
Mg
Phosphorus Symbol
P
Iodine Symbol
I
Potassium Symbol
K
Calcium Symbol
Ca
Iron Symbol
Fe
Phosphate Symbol
PO43
Bicarbonate Symbol
HCO3
What is chemical bonding?
The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by its outermost electrons. Chemical bonding occurs when the outermost electrons are transferred or shared between atoms.
What is a chemical reaction?
A chemical reaction is when chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.
What causes a chemical bond?
Electrons experience a force of attraction from both nuclei. This negative - positive - negative attraction holds the two particles together. This attraction is called a chemical bond: One pair of electrons constitutes ONE bond.
What is an Ionic Bond
When atoms gain or lose electrons during bonding, they are no longer balanced and charged particles called ions result.
- Negative charged ions = anions
- Positive charged ions = cations
Symbols are used to show ions eg: Na+, Cl-
What is a Covalent Bond
A covalent bond forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. This results in a molecule
Molecules and compounds
A molecule is formed when two or more atoms chemically combine to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit.
A compound is a combination of two or more different atoms (Ie: Glucose = 6 Carbon, 12 hydrogen, 6 Oxygen [C6H12O6])
Chemical Reactions and 3 types
Atoms, ions, molecules or compounds interact to form or break bonds - called a chemical reaction. The 3 types of reactions are:
- Synthesis
- Decomposition
- Exchange
Synthesis Reaction - anabolic
When two or more reactants (substances in the reaction) combine to form a larger more complex product.
Decomposition reaction - catabolic
Reactants are broken down into smaller, less complex products
Exchange reactions - displacement
A combination of synthesis and decomposition
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H + HCO3
Carbon Dioxide + Water = Carbonic Acid = Hydrogen + Bicarbonate ion
Regulation of pH balance
Chemical reaction rate factors: (3)
Concentration
The greater the concentration of the reactants the faster the rate of the reaction
Temperature
The rate of reactions (generally) increases with temperature
Catalysts
A catalyst increases the rate of reactions eg: in the body enzymes are catalysts
What is a salt?
A salt is a compound consisting of a positive ion and a negative ion. Salts are formed by the reaction of an acid and a base.
Inorganic chemistry
Deals with substances that do not contain carbon
Oxygen
An inorganic molecule, two oxygen atoms bound by a covalent bond
Approximately 21% of the atmosphere is oxygen
Humans require oxygen for energy to be extracted from food
How is carbon dioxide produced?
It is produced when food molecules are metabolised within the cells. It is then transferred to the lungs and exhaled, and becomes toxic if allowed to accumulate.
Main symptoms of Carbon Dioxide Toxicity
Central
Drowsiness, sweating, heart, muscular, tremor, shortness of breath
Water
Many important roles
- Stabilizing body temperature
- Provides protection
- Facilitating chemical reactions
- Transporting substances
Organic chemistry and 4 major groups of organic compounds
Carbon has the ability to form covalent bonds with other atoms. This makes it possible to form large, diverse, complicated molecules
Four major groups
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
