Cells 2

Question 1

What is Aerobic Respiration?

Answer 1

In aerobic respiration glucose reacts with oxygen in the mitochonria of the cells to release energy. Carbon dioxide and water are by-products of the reaction. Glucose = water + carbon dioxide + 38 ATP molecules

Question 2

What is Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 2

Anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is not available. In anaerobic respiration the glucose is only partially broken down, and lactic acid is produced - together with a much smaller amount of energy (ATP) Glucose = lactic acid + 2 ATP molecules

Question 3

Cellular Respiration What are the 3 Metabolic Processes:

Answer 3

1. Glycolysis
2. The Krebs cycle!
3. Oxidative phosphorylation!

Question 4

Glycolysis:

Answer 4

First stage of cellular respiration. Involves the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid - an anaerobic process. This change is accompanied by a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules

Question 5

Krebs or Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 5

Second stage of Cellular Respiration. It is part of the metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of useable energy. It occurs within mitochondria, in which food metabolites are oxidised and carbon dioxide is liberated, and coenzymes are reduced.

Question 6

Protein Synthesis

Answer 6

Protein synthesis is the transcription and translation of specific parts of DNA to form proteins. In addition to replicating itself for cell division, DNA serves as the master blueprint for protein synthesis

Question 7

What is protein and what is its function?

Answer 7

Protein is a complex substance containing - carbon, oxygen, hydrogen & nitrogen Proteins are key for all aspects of cell life eg Fibrous Proteins are major building materials for cells Globular functional proteins - eg enzymes, regulate chemical reactions in cells.

Question 8

What is DNA?

Answer 8

(deoxyribonucleic acid) - a nucleic acid found in all living cells, it carries the organisms hereditary information

Question 9

What is RNA?

Answer 9

(ribonucleic acid) - a nucleic acid that contains ribose and the bases A, G, C, U. Carries out DNA’s instructions for protein synthesis

Question 10

What are Genes?

Answer 10

Segments of DNA that carry information for building one protein or polypeptide (amino acids) chain

Question 11

Three Varieties of RNA

Answer 11

Ribosomal RNA - forms part of the protein synthesis sites Messenger RNA - carries instructions for making a polypeptide chain from the DNA to the ribosomes
Transfer RNA - ferries amino acids to the ribosomes and recognises codons on the mRNA strand specifying its amino acid

Question 12

Process of Protein Synthesis

Answer 12

mRNA specifying one polypeptide is made on DNA template mRNA leaves nucleus and attaches to ribosome, translation begins. Incoming tRNA recognises a complementary mRNA codon calling for its amino acid by binding via its anticodon to the codon

Question 13

Polypeptide

Answer 13

Amino Acid

Question 14

Stages of the Cell Cycle

Answer 14

1. Interphase
2. Mitosis

Question 15

What is Mitosis?

Answer 15

Reproduction of a cell

Question 16

Prophase

Answer 16

The first stage of mitosis. Coiling up of chromatin threads so they are more easily moved around the cell, forming chromosones. Centrioles seperate from eachother and move toward opposite sides of the cell, creating spindle fibres.

Because DNA has already become replicated, each chromosome is actually made up of two identical strands called sister chromatids, held together by a small buttonlike body called a centromere.

By the end of the prophase, the nuclear envelope and the nucleoli have broken down and temporarily dissapeared, and the chromosomes have attached randomly to the spindle fibers by their centromeres.

Question 17

Metaphase

Answer 17

Second stage of mitosis. In this short stage, the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate (the center of the spindle midway between the centrioles) so that a straight line of chromosomes is seen.

Question 18

Anaphase

Answer 18

Third stage of mitosis. During anaphase, the centromeres that have held the chromatids together split. The chromatids (now called chromosomes again) begin to slowly move apart, drawn toward opposite ends of the cell. The chromosomes seeem to be pulled by their half-centromeres, with their “arms” dangling behind them. This careful division of sister chromatids ensures that each daughter cell gets one copy of every chromosome. Anaphase is over when the chromosomes stop moving

Question 19

Telophase

Answer 19

Fourth stage of mitosis; Essentially prophase in reverse Chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell uncoil to become threadlike chomatin again. The spindle breaks down and disappears. A nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass Nucleoli appear in each daughter nuclei

Question 20

Cytokinesis

Answer 20

Fifth stage of mitosis: This is the proces which actually divides the cell into two new cells. It can occur in either anaphase or in telophase, depending on the cell.

Question 21

Cell Tissue requirements:

Answer 21

• pH balance
  energy ATP
  cellular metabolism
  acid\base balance

Question 22

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 22

the 3rd stage of cellular respiration, Can’t find any good explanations so thats gonna have to do

Question 23

Interphase

Answer 23

The stage between episodes of mitosis.