Chemistry Flashcards
Chem: what is the equation for atom economy
Mr of desired products / mr of total products x 100
Chem: what type of atoms and what happens in covalent bonding
2 non-metals, sharing electrons
Chem: what happens in metallic bonding and in what type of atoms
Positive metal ions in a sea of delocalised negative electrons, in metals
Chem: what happens in ionic bonding and in what type of atoms
Gives/takes electrons, metals and non-metals
Chem: what is a activation energy
The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction
Chem. what is an energy profile
A graph showing energy change during a chemical reaction
Chem: what is an exothermic reaction
A chemical reaction that releases energy
Chem: what is an endothermic chemical reaction
A chemical reaction that takes in energy
Chem: what happens in a chemical reaction
Bonds are broken and formed and atoms are rearranged
Chem: how thick is one nm in terms of atoms
10 atoms thick
Chem: order in terms of size, from smallest to largest, coarse particles, nano particles and fine particles
Smallest - largest: nanoparticles, fine particles, coarse particles
Chem: what is the size of coarse particles
2500 to 10000 nm
Chem: what is the size of fine particles
100 to 2500 nm
Chem: what is the size of nano particles
1 to 100 nm thick
Chem: the the anode the positive or negative electrode in electrolysis
Positive
Chem: is the cathode positive or negative in electrolysis
Negative
Chem: is an anion positive or negative
Negative
Chem: is a cation positive or negative
Positive
Chem: what happenes at the negative electrode in electrolysis of aqueous solutions
Hydrogen, if the metal is more reactive than it
Also electrons transferred to ion to make it an atom
Chem: is electrolysis of aqueous solutions what happens at the positive electrode
Oxygen produced, unless halide present then it is produced
Electron transferred from ion to positive electrode
Chem: what is an aqueous solution
Something dissolved in water
Chem: what is the definition of electrolysis
Electrolysis is the process of splitting ionic compounds using electric current
Chem: how do you work out moles of an atom
Moles= mass / formula mass
Chem: how do you work out the formula mass (Mr) of a molecule
It is the sum of the elements in the molecule
Chem work out the Mr of K ₂O if the formula mass of of K is 39 and O is 16
39+39+16=94
Chem: How do you write ionic equations
Split the equation so
- NaOH ( aq ) + HNO 3 ( aq ) → NaNO 3 ( aq ) + H 2 O ( l )
Would become - Na + OH ( aq ) + H + NO 3 ( aq ) → Na + NO 3 ( aq ) + H 2 + O ( l )
Then cross out the portions that do not change their charge, this becomes
- OH ( aq ) + H → H 2 O ( l )
Chem: what is an ionic equation
It is a chemical equation with all of the things that do not change state removed
Chem: what are hydrocarbons
They are molecules made up of hydrocarbons
Chem: what is oxidation
Oxidation is the loss of electrons
Chem: what is reduction
It is the gain of electrons
Chem: in electrolysis does reduction or oxidation occur at the positive electrode
Oxidation
Chem: in electrolysis does oxidation or reduction occur at the negative electrode
Reduction
Chem: what is a half equation
Electrons are represented, they are 2 equations that show the 2 sided of a redox reaction (reactions with both oxidation and reduction)
Chem: what is the equation for complete combustion
Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon doxide + water
Chem: what is the equation for incomplete combustion
Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon doxide + water + carbon monoxide
Chem: what is the definition of carbon footprint
this is the total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that are emitted over the full lifecycle of a product, service or event
Chem what is carbon foorptprint offsetting
Say you buy a plane ticket, planting trees to offset the greenhouse gasses released by the journey
Chem: what is the order of events for the formation of life
Volcanoes, oceans, algiae, plants, animals
Chem: what are the percentages of gasses in the atmosphere
Nitrogen-78, oxygen-21, other gasses-1
Chem: what are alkanes
They all end in ‘ane’
They are hydrocarbons
There formula is CnH2n+2
Chem: what are the 4 ankanes you need to remember
Methane, ethane, propane, butane
Chem: what is crude oil made of
Fossilised plankton
Chem: what is the definition of a mixture
A substance composed of 2 or more differeent compounds or elements not chemically bonded
Chem: what is ionic bonding and in what types of elements does it occur
Giving/taking electrons
Between metals and non metals
Chem: what is covalent bonding and in what type of elements does it occur
Sharing electrons
2 non metals
Chem: what is metallic bonding and in what type of elements does it occur
Sea of delocalised electrons
Metals
Chem: what are the properties of covalently bonded substances
Non-conductive(no charged particles that can carry a charge), low melting point,
Chem: what are the properties of ionically bonded substances
Conduct when dissolved in water, hard and brittle, high melting and boiling points.
Chem: what defines potable water
It is safe to drink, it should have low levels of dissolved salts and of microbes.
Chem: what are the 2 ways of getting potable water from salt water
Distillation , reverse osmosis
Chem: what is reverse osmosis
It is osmosis where the water moves from low to high concentration because of large amounts of pressure
Chem: what is distillation
Where a liquid is evaporated and collected from a mixture
Chem: what are the 3 ways water us steralized
UV, chlorine, ozone
Chem: what is pure water
Water that is not in a mixture
Chem: how many cm3 in a dm3
1000
Chem: what is collision theory
A theory that for a reaction to occurr particles must collide with enough energy
Chem: what explains why reactions happen at different rates
Collision theory
Chem: how do catalysts work
They change the reaction pathway
Chem: what are the 5 factors that affect rate of reaction
-temp
-concentration
-catalyst
-pressure
-surface area
Chem/bio: how do enzymes make things react
They lower the activation energy
Chem: what is a the difference between weak and strong acids
Weak acids have low amounts of ionised hydrogen ions, whereas in strong acids there is a large amount of ionised hydrogen ions
chem: what is a mole
1 mol is the amount of substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12.0 g of carbon-12, its the 6.02 x10^23 atoms of carbon 12