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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Bio: what is rose black spot

A

It is a fungi that spreads through rain, wind and contact. Its signified by purple or black spots on leaves. To treat it burn the affected leaves

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2
Q

Bio: what is tobacco mosaic …

A

It is a virus that spreads by contact and causes a mosIc pattern on leaves, no treatment

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3
Q

Bio: what are the 2 types of antibiotic

A

Bacteriocydal and bacteriostatic

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4
Q

Bio: what do bacteriocydal antibiotics do

A

Kill the bacteria by removing the cell wall

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5
Q

Bio: what are bacteriostatic antibiotics

A

They stop bacteria from reproducing

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6
Q

Bio: why do antibiotics not kill viruses

A

Because they don’t have a cell wall

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7
Q

Bio: what are 2 types of resistant bacteria

A

Mdr-tb, MRSA

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8
Q

Bio: what do plasmids in bacteria do in reference to antibiotics

A

They encode for resistance

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9
Q

Bio: what are the 2 ways that painkillers can work

A

Blocking the pain signals, anti-inflamitory

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10
Q

Bio: what are enzymes

A

They help to speed up chemical reactions

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11
Q

Bio: what is pepsin

A

It works at PH 2 and is produced in the stomach

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12
Q

Bio: how do you test for sugar

A

You use Benedict’s solution, red is positive, yellow is weakly positive and blue is negative

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13
Q

Bio: how do you test for proteins

A

Biuret, purple is positive and pale blue is negative

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14
Q

Bio: how do you test for lipids

A

Ethanol, goes cloudy when positive

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15
Q

Bio: what does sugar break down into

A

Glucose

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16
Q

Bio: what does protein break down into

A

Amino acids

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17
Q

Bio: what do lipids break down into

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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18
Q

Bio: what does starch break down into

A

Smaller molecule

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19
Q

Bio: how do you test for starch

A

Iodine, brown/blue is pos and tellow/brown is neg

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20
Q

Bio: what is the immune respose

A

Check notes

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21
Q

Bio: what are antixtoxins

A

They are a protein released by white blood cells to neutralise toxins that might be released by pathogens

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22
Q

Bio: what is herd immunity

A

This is where enough of a community is immune to protect the non immune

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23
Q

Bio: what are lymphocytes

A

White blood cells involved in the specific immune responce

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24
Q

Bio: what are phagocytes

A

They are in the non specific response and engulf pathogens

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25
Q

Bio: what are monoclonal antibodies

A

They are clones of an antibody

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26
Q

Bio: what are monoclonal antibodies used for

A

Tests, diagnosis, treatment

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27
Q

Bio: what is metabolisim

A

The sum of all of the chemical reactions in an organisim

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28
Q

Bio: what removes lactic acid

A

Liver

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29
Q

Bio: what are 4 things that affect ghe rate of photosynthesis

A

Light, temp, co2, chlorophyll concentration

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30
Q

Bio: what is an extremophyle

A

It is an organism that can survive in extreme conditions

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31
Q

Bio: what is an ecosystem

A

It is the living and non living things in an environment

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32
Q

Bio: what is a population

A

All of a certain species in an environment

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33
Q

Bio: what is a community

A

A group of populations

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34
Q

Bio: what is osmosis

A

The net random movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permiable membraine.

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35
Q

Bio: what is an autoimune condition

A

It is where the body attacks itself

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36
Q

Bio: what affect does oestrogen have on LH

A

It increases LH - lutenizing hormone

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37
Q

Bio: what does oestrogen do

A

Builds up the uterus lining

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38
Q

Bio: what is FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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39
Q

Bio: what does FSH stimulate the production of

A

Oestrogen

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40
Q

Bio: what affect does oestrogen have on FSH

A

Decreases it

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41
Q

Bio: when and what does progesterone happen

A

Progesterone is released when an egg is fertalised

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42
Q

Bio: what affect does progesterone have on FSH

A

Decreases

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43
Q

Bio: what does insulin do and how

A

It decreases blood sugar by converting glucose into glycogen and pushed glucose into cells.

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44
Q

Bio: what are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle

A
  1. Menstration - loosing the lining of the uterus
  2. Follicular phase - uterine lining builds up, ovum matures
  3. Egg released (~day 14)
  4. Luteal phase uterine lining stays the same
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45
Q

Bio: where are Eukaryotic cells found

A

Plants, animals, fungi and protists

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46
Q

Bio: where are prokaryotic cells found

A

In bacteria

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47
Q

Bio: what is the size on Eukaryotic cells

A

0.1 to 0.5 micrometers (um)

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48
Q

Bio: what are the size of Prokaryotic cells

A

10-100 Micrometers

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49
Q

Bio: what can type 1 diabetics not produce

A

They cannot produce enough insulin

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50
Q

Bio: what do type 2 diabetics not do

A

Cells no longer respond to the insulin released and so too much sugar is in the blood

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51
Q

Bio: what does inculin do

A

It forces glucose into the cells and then cause glucose to form deposits in the liver which is then changed into glycogen

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52
Q

Bio: what does insulin do to the blood sugar and where is it produced

A

It decreases blood sugar and is produced in the pancreas

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53
Q

Bio: what do Prokaryotic cells NOT have

A

They do not contain mitochondria or chloroplasts

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54
Q

Bio: do prokaryotic cells contain plasmids and what do plasmids do

A

Some do, they allow genetic information to be shared, they can replicate to do this

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55
Q

Bio: do prokaryotes have a nucleus

A

No, instead most of their genetic information is stored in a single loop in the cytoplasnm

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56
Q

Bio: what does glucagon do and where is it released

A

It is released from the pancreas and it stimulates stored glycogen in the pancreas to be converted into glucose and to be released into the bloodstream.

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57
Q

Bio: what is a follicle in the menstrual cycle

A

It is the developing egg

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58
Q

bio: What are the 2 types of painkillers

A

Anti-inflammatory, blocking nerve signals

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59
Q

bio: What is the equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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60
Q

bio: what are the 2 things plants use to store glucose and what do they do with them

A

cellulose - provides the plants with strength
starch - they store it to use for energy

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61
Q

bio: what is the xylem made of and what is it used for

A

it is made of dead cells and it is used for transport of minerals and water from the roots, strengthened by lignin, passive transport

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62
Q

bio: what is the phloem made of and what is it used for

A

it is made of living cells ( and cellulose ) and transports sugars made by photosynthesis both directions and also amino acids, active transport by using companion cells with lots of mitochondria to release energy

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63
Q

Bio: in the digestive system what does the small intestine do

A

Digests food and absorbs soluble food molecules

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64
Q

Bio: in the digestive system what does the liver do

A

It produces bile

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65
Q

Bio: in the digestive system what does the large intestine do

A

It absorbs water from the remaining undigested food and creates faeces

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66
Q

Bio: in the digestive system what does the stomach do

A

It digests food

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67
Q

Bio: in the digestive system what do the glands do

A

They produce digestive enzymes

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68
Q

Bio: what do the nephrons do and what hormone are they controlled by

A

They filter small molecules:
- minerals
- urea
- water
- glucose
They are controlled by ADH (more ADH more water reabsorbed)

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69
Q

Bio: does mitosis or meiosis create identical cells

A

Mitosis creates identical cells

70
Q

Bio: how any daughter cells are created after mieosis

A

4

71
Q

Bio: what is the abbreviation for the molecules that make up dna

A

A T C G

72
Q

Bio: what is the backbone of DNA

A

DNA has a sugar - phosphate backbone

73
Q

Bio: what makes up one amino acid

A

3 bace pairs (e.g. A and T)

74
Q

Bio: what are genes made of

A

They are a sequence of bases (which make up amino acids) which encodes for a protein

75
Q

Bio: what is a chromosome

A

It is a strand of DNA wrapped around proteins

76
Q

Bio: what is a genome

A

All of the genetic information in an organisim.

77
Q

Bio: are dominant genes upper or lower case

A

Upper case

78
Q

Bio: if gene B encodes for brown eye and b for blue eyes what colour eyes will a person with Bb have? What about bb?

A

Bb = brown eyes
bb = blue eyes

79
Q

Bio: what are alleles

A

They are different versions of the same gene

80
Q

Bio: what are antibodies

A

They are not cells, they attach to antigens and are specific to certain antigens

81
Q

Bio: what is an antigen

A

It is a chemical (usually a protein) on the surface of a cell the is specific to it.

82
Q

Bio: what is a tissue

A

A group of SIMILAR cells

83
Q

Bio: if a person has a dominant medical condition must one of the parents show symptoms

A

Yes

84
Q

bio: what is the equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose -> lactic acid

85
Q

bio: why is anaerobic respiration less efficient

A

becasue it does not break the glucose down completly

86
Q

bio: what is fermentation, where does it occur and what is the organisim that it occurs in

A

fermentation occurs in yeast which is a uni cellular fungi, fermention is anaerobic respiration transferring glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxids that happens optimaly at 30 degrees

87
Q

bio: what are the effects of exersise on the body

A

its affects are:
- increased heart rate
- increased breathing rate
- increased breath volume
- blood vessels dilating

88
Q

bio: what is oxygen debt

A

this refers to the extra oxygen needed after exersice to oxidise the lactic acid and remove it from the cells

89
Q

bio: how is oxygen debt repayed

A
  1. the blood transports lactic acid to the liver
  2. it is reacted with oxygen to porduce carbon dioxide and water
  3. heavy breathing helps to get this oxygen to the lungs
90
Q

bio: how do viruses survive and replicate

A

they invade cells, insert their own DNA which allows them to be copied

91
Q

bio: what happens once the virus has been synthesised in the cell

A

the cell burst releasing the virus into the

92
Q

Bio: what is the average size of a bacteria

A

0.5 to 5 μm

93
Q

Bio: what is the average size of human cells

A

10 - 30 μm

94
Q

Bio: what is the average size of a virus

A

20-400 nm

95
Q

Bio: what is a virus

A

It is genetic information in a protein coat

96
Q

Bio: what is a protist

A

They are eukaryotic organisims that are not animals, plants and fungi

97
Q

Bio: define a bacteria

A

Bacteria – A group of microorganisms which have a cell wall without cellulose and with no nucleus

98
Q

Bio: what are the 3 properties of active transport

A

Conc low to high
Energy required
Carrier protiens

99
Q

Bio: what is a place that active transport occurs

A

Across cell membraine

100
Q

bio: what are the 2 ways of treating infertility

A

fertility drugs
invitro fertalisation

101
Q

bio: how can glucose be made into ammino acids

A

by combinting it with nitrate ions

102
Q

bio: what makes a protist eukariotic

A

the fact that it has a nucleus

103
Q

bio: what are the 3 ways of spreading infectious disease

A

direct contact
air
water

104
Q

Bio: how do you test for lipids

A

You use ethanol

105
Q

Bio: what part of the blood transports glucose

A

The blood plasma

106
Q

Bio: what does heterozygous mean

A

One dominant and one recessive gene, Bb or bB

107
Q

Bio: what does homozygous mean

A

Either one dominant and one dominant allele or one recessive and one recessive
BB or bb

108
Q

Bio: describe the double bace pair structure of dna

A

2 molecules of A, T, G or C form a bace and 2 of these bases come together to form a ‘rung’ in the DNA ladder

109
Q

Bio: what is a base in DNA

A

It is a pair of molecules A, T, G, C

110
Q

Bio: how many bases are required to encode for one amino acid in DNA

A

3, this is known as the triplet code

111
Q

Bio: what is the immune system made up of

A

White blood cells

112
Q

Bio: what produces antibodies

A

White blood cells

113
Q

Bio: describe how antibodies work to destroy pathogens

A

Antigens are proteins found on the surface of cells, antibodies form a complimentary shape to these antibodies, white blood cells produce these antibodies that then join pathogen cells form a microorganism cluster that can then be ingested by the phagocytes.

114
Q

Bio: what are antigens

A

They are protiens found on the surface of cells

115
Q

Bio: explain how vaccines work

A

A dead pathogen is injected, the immune system recognises that the antigen is foreign, white blood cells crate antibodies for the injected pathogen, some of these white blood cells become memory cells and are able to produce the antibodies for the pathogen

116
Q

Bio: name 2 ion deficiencies and say how they can affect plants

A

-Magnesium deficiency, magnesium is required for the production of chlorophyll, the plant cannot photosynthesise as well, also the leaves go yellow
-Nitrate deficiency, they are needed for the production of proteins, without proteins plants cannot grow

117
Q

Bio: describe a nitrate deficiency in plants

A

Nitrates are used for protein synthesis, without proteins plants cannot grow

118
Q

Bio: describe a magnesium deficiency in plants

A

Magnesium deficiency means that the plant cannot produce as much chlorophyll and so cannot photosynthesize as much, it also turns the leaves yellow.

119
Q

Bio: how do bacteriostatic antibiotics work

A

They inhibit protein synthesis and stop the bacteria from reproducing.

120
Q

Bio: hat are the 3 types of plant defences and what are some examples

A
  • physical defenses - waxy cuticle, bark, cell walls
  • chemical defenses - antibacterial chemicals are produced, poisons can also be produced
  • mechanical defenses - thorns, spikes, mimicry
121
Q

bio: what is an epithelial tissue

A

they line the outer surface of organs and blood vessels

122
Q

bio: what are muscular tissues

A

they contract and relax to exert a force

123
Q

bio: what is a mesophyll

A

it is a layer capable of photosynthesis

124
Q

bio: what are epidermal tissues in animals

A

skin

125
Q

bio: what are epidermal tissues in plants

A

waxy covering of some plants

126
Q

bio: what is glandular tissue

A

it is tissue that produces digestive ‘juices’

127
Q

bio: define an organ

A

they are groups of tissues that work together to perform a function

128
Q

bio: what is an organ system

A

they are groups of organs that work together to perform specific roles

129
Q

bio: what is the active site of an enzyme

A

they catalyze the reaction, only when the specific reacting chemical is bound to it

130
Q

bio: what are the 3 main digestive enzymes

A
  • amylase
  • protease
  • lipase
131
Q

bio: what can amylase help to digest

A

digests complex sugars

132
Q

bio: what can protease help to digest

A

digests proteins

133
Q

bio: what can lipase help to digest

A

fats

134
Q

bio: what is bile used for and where is it stored

A

it is stored in the gall bladder
it creates neutralizes acid thus creates conditions that enzymes in the small intestines operate best in

135
Q

bio: what is emulsification and what role in it does bile play

A

emulsification is bile breaking up fats into small droplets, these droplets have a higher surface area and so it is easier for lipase to catalyze the reaction

136
Q

bio: what are arteries

A
  • they transport blood form the heart to the organs
  • they have thick muscle walls
  • the artery walls have elastic fibers, allowing them to strech
137
Q

bio: what are capillaries

A
  • arteries branch into capillaries, which are much smaller
  • food and oxygen move out of the capillaries and into the cells
  • waste products such as carbon dioxide move out of the cells and into the capillaries
138
Q

bio: what are veins

A
  • they have thin cell walls and valves to make sure blood flows in the right direction
  • transport blood from the organs to the blood
139
Q

Bio: what happens in interphase

A

DNA copies itself ready for mitosis

140
Q

Bio: what happens in prophase

A

Nucleus membrane disappears
DNA copies and condences

141
Q

Bio: what happens in metaphase

A

Chromosomes and their copies line up in the middle of the cells

142
Q

Bio: what happens in anaphase

A

Chromosomes and copies go to the edge of cells

143
Q

Bio: what happens in telophase

A

New membranes for around the chromosomes and copies in the corners of the cells

144
Q

Bio: what happens in cytokenisis

A

Cell punches and new membrane forms

145
Q

bio: what are the steps for the osmosis practical

A
  1. Set up 6 boiling tubes, each containing the same volume of one of the sucrose solutions. The 0.0 mol/dm-3 sucrose solution is distilled water. Label the boiling tubes.
  2. Prepare 6 potato cylinders using a borer and cut the cylinders to the same length. Gently dry each potato cylinder using a paper towel to remove excess liquid and record its mass before placing it into one of the boiling tubes.
  3. Leave the potato cylinders in the boiling tubes for 40 minutes.
  4. Remove each potato cylinder from its boiling tube, gently remove excess liquid from the surface of the cylinder with a paper towel and record its mass.
  5. If possible, repeat the experiment to obtain multiple values of mass change for each solution. Making a series of repeat measurements will enable you to identify and ignore any
    anomalous results and to calculate a mean.
146
Q

bio: in adults what are stem cells used for

A

to replace dying cells

147
Q

bio: in embryos what are stem cells used for

A

they can change into most cell types

148
Q

bio: what are some uses of stem cells

A
  • stem cell treatments
  • plant clones
  • theraputic cloning
149
Q

bio: what is theraputic cloning

A

create an embryo with the same DNA as the patient and use some of the stem cells for treatment

150
Q

bio: what are some disadvantages of using stem cells for medical treatments

A
  • viral infections
  • ethical beliefs
151
Q

bio: how is active transport used in the gut

A

it is used to absorb sugar from the gut into the blood, even when the concentration of sugars in the blood is higher

152
Q

bio: how is active transport used for minerals in plants

A

it allows the root hair cells to absorb minerals necisary for cell groath

153
Q

What is a valid result of a experiment

A

Something valid is repeatable and reproducible
Repeatable = you can redo the tests again and again with the same results
Reproducible = someone else can redo the tests and get the same results

154
Q

bio: What makes a prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic cell

A
  1. They have a single circular strand of DNA rather than a nucleus
  2. They have no mitochondria and chloroplasts
155
Q

bio: what does a ribosome do?

A

Where proteins are made based on DNA

156
Q

bio: what are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids

157
Q

bio: where does the drug Digitails originate from

A

Foxglove

158
Q

bio: where does the drug Aspirin originate from

A

Willow

159
Q

bio: what type of drug is Aspirin

A

used to reduce pain and inflamation

160
Q

bio: what is transpiration

A

It is the process of water being lost as vapour through the stomata

161
Q

bio: how is protein digested in the digestive system

A

The stomach releases pepsin which converts proteins into amino acids. In addition, the small intestine releases pepsin in its ‘pancreatic juice’ that also releases protiens

162
Q

bio: how are lipids digested

A

First they are emulsified by bile, then they are broken down by lipase in the small intestine into fatty acids and glycerol

163
Q

Bio: what does the vena cava do

A

It is a vein that delivers de-oxygenated blood from the body to the heart

164
Q

bio: What does the pulmonary vein do

A

It delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

165
Q

bio: what does the aorta do

A

Oxygenated blood is pumped by the heart to the body

166
Q

bio: what does the pulmonary artery do

A

De-oxygenated blood is pumped by the heart to the lungs

167
Q

Bio: what do the coronary arteries do

A

The supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

168
Q

Bio: explain how the trachea branches into the alveoli

A
  • trachea branch into the bronchi
  • bronchi divide into the brunchioles
  • bronchioles divide into the alvioli
  • the alveoli are surrounded by many capillaries that allow gas exchange
169
Q

Bio: what is blood

A

It is a tissue

170
Q

Bio: what are the 3 types of blood cells

A
  • white blood cells
  • red blood cells
  • platelets
171
Q

Bio: what are platelets and what do they do

A

They are blood cells with no nucleus, they are responsible for blood clotting at the site of wounds

172
Q

Bio: what are some features of red blood cells

A
  • biconcave shape, large surface area
  • haemoglobin, bind with oxygen in the lungs
  • no nucleus
  • small so they can pass through tiny capillaries

all (16 decks)

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