Chemistry Flashcards
What is qualitative data and quantitative data?
Quantitative data is numbers-based, countable, or measurable. Qualitative data is interpretation-based, descriptive, and relating to language.
What are intensive and extensive properties?
The physical properties that change with an increase in mass are extensive properties. However, those physical properties that do not change with an increase in mass are intensive properties.
What is accuracy and precision in data?
Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value. Precision refers to how close measurements of the same item are to each other
How does the MDV pyramid look like?
M
——
D | V
The metric system line
-
Giga - 10^9
-
-
Mega - 10^6
-
-
Kilo - 10^3
- hecto
- da deca
Base - 10^0
- deci
- centi
milli - 10^-3
-
-
UD h micro mc - 10^-6
-
-
nano - 10^-9
-
-
pico
Standard form and scientific notation
4.56 x 10^5 = 456,000
567,000,000 = 5.67 x 10^8
4.56 x 10^-5 = 0.0000456
0.0000567 = 5.67 x 10^-5
Conversions - mass
1000 g = 1 kg
1 ounce = 28.35 g
1 kg = 2.2 lbs
16 ounces (oz) = 1 lb
2000 Ibs = 1 ton
Conversions - volume
1 tsp = 5 mL
3 tsp = 1 Tbsp
1 cup = 236 mL
16 Tbsp = 1 cup
1 fluid oz = 29.6 mL
1000 mL = 1 L
8 oz = 1 cup
2 cups = 1 pint
2 pints = 1 quart
4 quarts = 1 gallon
1 mL = 20 drops
1 mL = 1 cm^3
1 m^3 = 1,000,000 cm^3
1 cup = 240 g
Conversions - length
1 inch = 2.54 cm
12 inches = 1 ft
3 ft = 1 yard
1 mile = 5,280 ft
1 mile = 1.609 km
Define chemistry
The study of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
What is matter?
Any substance that has mass and volume (takes up space)
What is nonmatter?
Anything that doesn’t have mass and/or doesn’t have volume
What are the 2 types of matter?
Pure substance and mixture
What is pure substance and what are the 2 types?
Matter with a composition that is always the same (only 1 type of atom or molecule)
Element and compound
What is an element?
A unique type of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
What is a compound?
Composed of 2 or more types of atoms that are chemically bonded together in fixed proportions.
What is a matter mixture and what are the 2 types?
2 types ombination of 2 or more elements or compounds which have not related to bond together.
Heterogeneous and homogeneous
What is distillation?
Takes advantage of differences in boiling points
What is filtration?
Takes advantage of differences in particle size
What is solubility?
Chemicals can be soluble in some solvents, but insoluble in others
What is a physical change?
Any change in the physical properties of a substance
What is a physical property?
A property that you can measure and see through direct observation
Examples of physical properties:
Color
Mass
Weight
Volume
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
Conductivity
Store of matter, solubility
Magnetism
Physical changes take place
Without _______
any chagnes in molecular composition
Actions that change physical properties:
Heating
Cooling
Dissolving
Melting
Freezing
Boiling
bending.
What is a chemical change?
Alters the composition of the original matter. The atoms in compounds are rearranged to make new and different compounds
What is a chemical property?
A characteristic of matter that can be observed as it changes to a different type of matter.
Examples of chemical properties:
Flammability: How easily something will burn or ignite, is a chemical property because you can’t tel just by looking at something how easily it will burn.
heat of combustion: This chemical property is the amount of energy that is released as heat when a substance is burned
Toxicity: How much a substance can damage an animal, plant, cell, organ, or other organism
ability to oxidize (Oxidation) : Rusting
Reactivity: The ability of matter to react chemically with other substances
Evidence of chemical changes:
- Bubbling (a gas is produced)
- Turns cloudy (a new solid is forming)
- color change
- spontaneous temperature change
- odor change
- burning (combustion).
Chemical properties are determined by _______ while physical properties are _______.
changing the identity of the substance
not
Coulombic attraction
The attraction between oppositely charged particles
Effective Nuclear Charge (ENC)
The charge that a nucleus exerts on its valence electrons (i.e. the ability of an atom to hold on to its own valence electrons).
Affected by: # of protons, shielding, and distance
Down a group: Constant due to shielding (adding protons, but also adding more shields that block the proton effect). Decreased coulombic attraction.
Across a period: Increases due to adding protons without adding electron shells (shields). Increased coulombic attraction.
Atomic radius
The distance between the center of the nucleus and the valence electron shell
Affected by: Shielding and effective nuclear charge
Down a group: Increases because of adding electron shells (atoms are getting bigger). Decreased coulombic attraction
Across a period: Decreases because effective nuclear charge (adding protons) is increasing and pulling electrons closer to the nucleus. Increased coulombic attraction.
Electronegativity
The ability of an atom to attract another atom’s valence electrons.
Affected by: Shielding and effective nuclear charge
Down a group: Decreases because shielding is increasing, making atoms larger and reducing coulombic attraction to electrons.
Increases because effective nuclear charge is increasing which increases coulombic attraction to electrons.
Ionization energy
The energy required to remove an electron from an atom
Affected by: Shielding and effective nuclear charge
Down a group: Decreases because of increased size and shielding which decreases coulombic attraction and makes it easier to remove electrons.
Across a period: Increases because increasing effective nuclear charge increases coulombic attraction and makes it harder to remove electrons.
1 mole equals to how many atoms?
6.022 x 10^23 atoms
What is molar mass?
How much 1 mole of an atom weights, and is measured in grams
KMT:
All matter is made of tiny particles that are constantly moving
How does gas behave?
Gas behaves the same way in random constant motion
How all gases behave:
- Are translucent or transparent
- Have low densities
- Are highly compressible
- Can fill any container
- Are in constant random motion and collision
Kelvin to celsius
°C = K - 273
Celsius to kelvin
K = °C + 273
When is absolute zero possible?
Absolute zero is only possible in theory
Pressure:
Pressure is a force per unit area that gases exert on a surface when they come into contact
psi at sea level:
14.7 psi
One atmosphere (ATM) is?
760 mmHg (29.92 inches) of mercury, and 15 degrees Celsius
mmHg at sea level:
760 mmHg
kPa at sea level:
101.3 kPa
