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Aviation > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is qualitative data and quantitative data?

A

Quantitative data is numbers-based, countable, or measurable. Qualitative data is interpretation-based, descriptive, and relating to language.

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2
Q

What are intensive and extensive properties?

A

The physical properties that change with an increase in mass are extensive properties. However, those physical properties that do not change with an increase in mass are intensive properties.

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3
Q

What is accuracy and precision in data?

A

Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value. Precision refers to how close measurements of the same item are to each other

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4
Q

How does the MDV pyramid look like?

A

M
——
D | V

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5
Q

The metric system line

A

-
Giga - 10^9
-
-
Mega - 10^6
-
-
Kilo - 10^3
- hecto
- da deca
Base - 10^0
- deci
- centi
milli - 10^-3
-
-
UD h micro mc - 10^-6
-
-
nano - 10^-9
-
-
pico

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6
Q

Standard form and scientific notation

A

4.56 x 10^5 = 456,000
567,000,000 = 5.67 x 10^8
4.56 x 10^-5 = 0.0000456
0.0000567 = 5.67 x 10^-5

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7
Q

Conversions - mass

A

1000 g = 1 kg
1 ounce = 28.35 g
1 kg = 2.2 lbs
16 ounces (oz) = 1 lb
2000 Ibs = 1 ton

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8
Q

Conversions - volume

A

1 tsp = 5 mL
3 tsp = 1 Tbsp
1 cup = 236 mL
16 Tbsp = 1 cup
1 fluid oz = 29.6 mL
1000 mL = 1 L
8 oz = 1 cup
2 cups = 1 pint
2 pints = 1 quart
4 quarts = 1 gallon
1 mL = 20 drops
1 mL = 1 cm^3
1 m^3 = 1,000,000 cm^3
1 cup = 240 g

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9
Q

Conversions - length

A

1 inch = 2.54 cm
12 inches = 1 ft
3 ft = 1 yard
1 mile = 5,280 ft
1 mile = 1.609 km

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10
Q

Define chemistry

A

The study of matter and the changes that matter undergoes

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11
Q

What is matter?

A

Any substance that has mass and volume (takes up space)

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12
Q

What is nonmatter?

A

Anything that doesn’t have mass and/or doesn’t have volume

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of matter?

A

Pure substance and mixture

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14
Q

What is pure substance and what are the 2 types?

A

Matter with a composition that is always the same (only 1 type of atom or molecule)

Element and compound

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15
Q

What is an element?

A

A unique type of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

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16
Q

What is a compound?

A

Composed of 2 or more types of atoms that are chemically bonded together in fixed proportions.

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17
Q

What is a matter mixture and what are the 2 types?

A

2 types ombination of 2 or more elements or compounds which have not related to bond together.

Heterogeneous and homogeneous

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18
Q

What is distillation?

A

Takes advantage of differences in boiling points

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19
Q

What is filtration?

A

Takes advantage of differences in particle size

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20
Q

What is solubility?

A

Chemicals can be soluble in some solvents, but insoluble in others

21
Q

What is a physical change?

A

Any change in the physical properties of a substance

22
Q

What is a physical property?

A

A property that you can measure and see through direct observation

23
Q

Examples of physical properties:

A

Color
Mass
Weight
Volume
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
Conductivity
Store of matter, solubility
Magnetism

24
Q

Physical changes take place
Without _______

A

any chagnes in molecular composition

25
Q

Actions that change physical properties:

A

Heating
Cooling
Dissolving
Melting
Freezing
Boiling
bending.

26
Q

What is a chemical change?

A

Alters the composition of the original matter. The atoms in compounds are rearranged to make new and different compounds

27
Q

What is a chemical property?

A

A characteristic of matter that can be observed as it changes to a different type of matter.

28
Q

Examples of chemical properties:

A

Flammability: How easily something will burn or ignite, is a chemical property because you can’t tel just by looking at something how easily it will burn.

heat of combustion: This chemical property is the amount of energy that is released as heat when a substance is burned

Toxicity: How much a substance can damage an animal, plant, cell, organ, or other organism

ability to oxidize (Oxidation) : Rusting

Reactivity: The ability of matter to react chemically with other substances

29
Q

Evidence of chemical changes:

A
  • Bubbling (a gas is produced)
  • Turns cloudy (a new solid is forming)
  • color change
  • spontaneous temperature change
  • odor change
  • burning (combustion).
30
Q

Chemical properties are determined by _______ while physical properties are _______.

A

changing the identity of the substance

not

31
Q

Coulombic attraction

A

The attraction between oppositely charged particles

32
Q

Effective Nuclear Charge (ENC)

A

The charge that a nucleus exerts on its valence electrons (i.e. the ability of an atom to hold on to its own valence electrons).

Affected by: # of protons, shielding, and distance

Down a group: Constant due to shielding (adding protons, but also adding more shields that block the proton effect). Decreased coulombic attraction.

Across a period: Increases due to adding protons without adding electron shells (shields). Increased coulombic attraction.

33
Q

Atomic radius

A

The distance between the center of the nucleus and the valence electron shell

Affected by: Shielding and effective nuclear charge

Down a group: Increases because of adding electron shells (atoms are getting bigger). Decreased coulombic attraction

Across a period: Decreases because effective nuclear charge (adding protons) is increasing and pulling electrons closer to the nucleus. Increased coulombic attraction.

34
Q

Electronegativity

A

The ability of an atom to attract another atom’s valence electrons.

Affected by: Shielding and effective nuclear charge

Down a group: Decreases because shielding is increasing, making atoms larger and reducing coulombic attraction to electrons.

Increases because effective nuclear charge is increasing which increases coulombic attraction to electrons.

35
Q

Ionization energy

A

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom

Affected by: Shielding and effective nuclear charge

Down a group: Decreases because of increased size and shielding which decreases coulombic attraction and makes it easier to remove electrons.

Across a period: Increases because increasing effective nuclear charge increases coulombic attraction and makes it harder to remove electrons.

36
Q

1 mole equals to how many atoms?

A

6.022 x 10^23 atoms

37
Q

What is molar mass?

A

How much 1 mole of an atom weights, and is measured in grams

38
Q

KMT:

A

All matter is made of tiny particles that are constantly moving

39
Q

How does gas behave?

A

Gas behaves the same way in random constant motion

40
Q

How all gases behave:

A
  1. Are translucent or transparent
  2. Have low densities
  3. Are highly compressible
  4. Can fill any container
  5. Are in constant random motion and collision
41
Q

Kelvin to celsius

A

°C = K - 273

42
Q

Celsius to kelvin

A

K = °C + 273

43
Q

When is absolute zero possible?

A

Absolute zero is only possible in theory

44
Q

Pressure:

A

Pressure is a force per unit area that gases exert on a surface when they come into contact

45
Q

psi at sea level:

A

14.7 psi

46
Q

One atmosphere (ATM) is?

A

760 mmHg (29.92 inches) of mercury, and 15 degrees Celsius

47
Q

mmHg at sea level:

A

760 mmHg

48
Q

kPa at sea level:

A

101.3 kPa

Aviation (32 decks)

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