Aviation Operations Flashcards
Shuttle flight:
air shuttle is a scheduled airline service on short routes with a simplified fare and class structure. No exact definition exists, but the frequency is usually an hour or less and travel time is typically an hour or less.
Charter flight:
air charter is a flight that is not part of an airline’s published schedule.
What is used in combination for turns?
Ailerons, rudder, and elevators
During a turn, the elevators help control _______
pitch, to help the pilot maintain the desired attitude
During a turn, rudders help control _______
adverse yaw, by applying opposite pressure in the direction of turn, helping counteract skids or slips.
Specifically, adverse yaw causes the airplane to yaw toward the side of the raised wing
What are skids and slips?
In skids, the aircraft is turning too fast for the bank angle and yawing into the turn (ball outside of the turn). In slips, the aircraft is banked too much for the rate of turn (ball inside the turn).
The steeper the turn the more elevator _______
back pressure is needed to compensate for the decrease in lift
For an airplane turn to be classed as shallow, it must occur at?
approximately 20° or less. This shallow bank is such that the inherent lateral. stability of the airplane slowly levels the wings unless aileron pressure in the desired direction of bank is held by the pilot to maintain the bank angle.
What are the principal flight maneuvers?
straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents that control the airplane through the six motions of flight.
What climb gives you the greatest gain in altitude for horizontal distance traveled.
Vx (the best angle of climb)
What maximizes velocity to obtain the greatest gain in altitude over a given period of time.
Best rate of climb, or Vy,
What types of turns require the pilot to input aileron pressure to return the aircraft to level flight?
medium and steep turns
Starting engine checklist:
STARTING ENGINE:
- Stand By Battery….Test (10 Sec) and Arm
- Engine Indicating System….No Red X’s
- E Bus Volts….Minimum 24 Volts
- M Bus Volts….1.5 Volts or Less
- BATT S Amps….Verify Discharge
- STBY BATT Annunciator….ON
- Battery & Alternator Master Switches….ON
- M Bus Volts….Minimum 24 Volts
- Throttle Advance Halfway
- Throttle 1/4 Inch Open
- Mixture….RICH
- Carburetor Heat….COLD
- Prime….(2-6 strokes) AS REQUIRED
- Primer….IN & LOCKED
- Throttle….OPEN 1/8 inch
- Anti-collision / Strobe Lights….CHECK OPERATION
- Propeller Area….CLEAR
- Ignition Switch….START
- Mixture Advance, Throttle 1000 RPM
- AMPS (M BATT and BATT S)….Charging
- M and E Bus Volts….Minimum 27 Volts
- Low Volts Annunciator….OFF
- Oil Pressure….CHECK
- Engine Warm-up….THROTTLE 800-1200 RPM
- Fuel Pump….OFF
- Mixture….LEAN FOR TAXI
Pre-flight checklists:
- Before starting engine
- Starting engine
- Before taxi
- Before takeoff
Before starting engine checklist:
BEFORE STARTING ENGINE:
- Aircraft Acceptance Check….COMPLETE
- Preflight Inspection….COMPLETE
- Airport Diagram….Review/Keep Available
- Chocks….REMOVE
- Passenger Briefing….COMPLETE
- Crew Briefing….COMPLETE
- Departure briefing….COMPLETE
- Seats, Seat Belts, Harness….ADJUST & LOCK
- Doors….CLOSED & LOCK
- Fuel Selector….BOTH
- Fuel Shutoff Valve….ON (Push In)
- Mixture….Cutoff
- Throttle….Open 1/4 Inch
- Avionics Master Switches….OFF
- Battery & Alternator Master Switches….OFF
- Beacon….ON
- Nav Lights….As Req.
- Cabin pwr 12V….OFF
- Brakes….TEST & SET
- Circuit Breakers….CHECK IN
- Radios & Electrical Equipment….OFF
- Tow Bar….REMOVE
Before taxi checklist:
BEFORE TAXI:
- Lights & Strobes….AS REQUIRED
- Radios….ON-SET
- Transponder….STANDBY
- Flaps….UP
- Seats, Belts, Harnesses….CHECK SECURE
- Brakes….TEST
Upwind climbing procedure:
- 10 degrees of flaps
- Lift at 55 knots
- Target Vy speed
- Once at a safe altitude and climbing speed (usually 500-1000 feet AGL), you can retract the flaps fully.
- Make ATC call
- Make crosswind turn when at 300 feet below TPA
Crosswind procedure:
- Climb to TPA at 74 knots
- Make ATC call
- Make downwind turn when at TPA
Downwind procedure:
- Maintain TPA at 90 knots
- Reduce power to 85 knots and extend the first notch of flaps when abeam.
- Start descending
- Make ATC call
- Make base turn
Base leg procedure:
- When wings level, reduce airspeed to 75 knots and extend the second notch of flaps.
- Be about half TPA, when halfway down base.
- Make ATC call
- Turn to final
Final leg procedure:
- When wings level, reduce power to 65 knots and optionally extend the third notch of flaps
- Align with the runway and adjust from there.
- Flare and land.
When starting a climb in flight _______
increase full power
Fly the speeds and techniques in the POH/AFM. Memorize the speeds in the POH:
Aircraft V-Speeds:
Vr: Rotation Speed
Vx: Best angle of climb
Vy: Best rate of climb
Va: Maneuvering speed
Vfe: Max flap extended speed
Vno: Max structural cruising speed
Vne: Never exceed speed
Vs1: Stall Speed (clean)
Vso: Stall Speed (dirty)
Glide: (clean)
Note all speeds are for a certain gross weight
BCGUMPS:
Boost Pump
Carb Heat
Gas
Undercarriage
Mixture
Prop
Switches/Seat Belts
You might be switching back and forth between airplanes without a boost pump and carburetor. BCGUMPS and GUMPS
The difference between side slips and forward slips is:
- Side Slips are used for slipping sideways through the air during a crosswind landing.
- Forward Slips are used to lose altitude quickly and take you forward towards the runway (presumably, or whatever else you are trying to lose altitude to get down to).
In a slip, never completely rely on your _______
airspeed indicator
In a slip, do not continually _______
decrease airspeed to reduce altitude more quickly, as this may result in a cross-controlled stall. Instead lower the nose, as this will increase airspeed and rate of descent.
PAC:
Power (RPM), attitude, configuration.
This concept teaches that there is a definite pitch and power setting that will consistently provide the desired performance.
Attitude + Power = Performance
Traps:
- At high density altitudes, you can raise the nose to climb attitude and move the throttle full forward, but don’t anticipate sea level climb performance.
- Avoiding trap number two means recognizing that a sudden increase in apparent weight (load factor) implies that you’re closer to a stall than the nose-low attitude might suggest.
Using attitude to estimate your angle of attack becomes _______
less reliable when it’s harder to identify the airplane’s actual motion through the air.
The speed at which the aircraft should leave the ground during takeoff
Rotation Speed (Vr)
Go/no go decision:
whether to fly or not to fly
You should make a go/no go decision based on several factors. These factors are:
- Weather condition
- Airplane condition
- Pilot condition
- Terrain conditions
- Night flying
- Passenger issues
- Fuel reserves
- Aircraft loading
- NOTAM’s
The existing weather conditions is an important factor to consider _______
whether to fly or not to fly.
What are the phases of flight?
The phases of flight are: Flight planning, taxiing, takeoff, climb, cruising, approach, descent, landing, and post flight procedures
What is a flight plan?
A flight plan is a document to air traffic control providing specific information on the intended flight
A flight plan includes what information?
A flight plan includes information such as tail number, type of flight, equipment onboard, cruising speed, and total number of passengers.
How will a pilot file a flight plan?
A pilot will file a flight plan with air traffic control in a written document, electronic document, or verbally.
Flight plans are a required step for flights that do the following:
• Require air traffic control, (meaning they will need to be routed around other air traffic)
• Use Instrument Flight Rules (IFR), (used on flights where visibility may be limited)
• Are located in specific areas, (such as large, urban cities or commercial airports)
• Cross international borders
What does a flight plan also include?
Flight planning also includes internal and external preflight checks on the aircraft, in which the pilot will walk around the plane noting areas of concern, then more checks will be done inside the plane to ensure that all systems are operational and ready for flight.
