Aviation Operations Flashcards by John Doe

Shuttle flight:

air shuttle is a scheduled airline service on short routes with a simplified fare and class structure. No exact definition exists, but the frequency is usually an hour or less and travel time is typically an hour or less.

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Charter flight:

air charter is a flight that is not part of an airline’s published schedule.

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What is used in combination for turns?

Ailerons, rudder, and elevators

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During a turn, the elevators help control _______

pitch, to help the pilot maintain the desired attitude

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During a turn, rudders help control _______

adverse yaw, by applying opposite pressure in the direction of turn, helping counteract skids or slips.

Specifically, adverse yaw causes the airplane to yaw toward the side of the raised wing

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What are skids and slips?

In skids, the aircraft is turning too fast for the bank angle and yawing into the turn (ball outside of the turn). In slips, the aircraft is banked too much for the rate of turn (ball inside the turn).

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The steeper the turn the more elevator _______

back pressure is needed to compensate for the decrease in lift

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For an airplane turn to be classed as shallow, it must occur at?

approximately 20° or less. This shallow bank is such that the inherent lateral. stability of the airplane slowly levels the wings unless aileron pressure in the desired direction of bank is held by the pilot to maintain the bank angle.

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What are the principal flight maneuvers?

straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents that control the airplane through the six motions of flight.

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What climb gives you the greatest gain in altitude for horizontal distance traveled.

Vx (the best angle of climb)

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What maximizes velocity to obtain the greatest gain in altitude over a given period of time.

Best rate of climb, or Vy,

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What types of turns require the pilot to input aileron pressure to return the aircraft to level flight?

medium and steep turns

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Starting engine checklist:

STARTING ENGINE:

Stand By Battery….Test (10 Sec) and Arm
Engine Indicating System….No Red X’s
E Bus Volts….Minimum 24 Volts
M Bus Volts….1.5 Volts or Less
BATT S Amps….Verify Discharge
STBY BATT Annunciator….ON
Battery & Alternator Master Switches….ON
M Bus Volts….Minimum 24 Volts
Throttle Advance Halfway
Throttle 1/4 Inch Open
Mixture….RICH
Carburetor Heat….COLD
Prime….(2-6 strokes) AS REQUIRED
Primer….IN & LOCKED
Throttle….OPEN 1/8 inch
Anti-collision / Strobe Lights….CHECK OPERATION
Propeller Area….CLEAR
Ignition Switch….START
Mixture Advance, Throttle 1000 RPM
AMPS (M BATT and BATT S)….Charging
M and E Bus Volts….Minimum 27 Volts
Low Volts Annunciator….OFF
Oil Pressure….CHECK
Engine Warm-up….THROTTLE 800-1200 RPM
Fuel Pump….OFF
Mixture….LEAN FOR TAXI

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Pre-flight checklists:

Before starting engine
Starting engine
Before taxi
Before takeoff

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Before starting engine checklist:

BEFORE STARTING ENGINE:

Aircraft Acceptance Check….COMPLETE
Preflight Inspection….COMPLETE
Airport Diagram….Review/Keep Available
Chocks….REMOVE
Passenger Briefing….COMPLETE
Crew Briefing….COMPLETE
Departure briefing….COMPLETE
Seats, Seat Belts, Harness….ADJUST & LOCK
Doors….CLOSED & LOCK
Fuel Selector….BOTH
Fuel Shutoff Valve….ON (Push In)
Mixture….Cutoff
Throttle….Open 1/4 Inch
Avionics Master Switches….OFF
Battery & Alternator Master Switches….OFF
Beacon….ON
Nav Lights….As Req.
Cabin pwr 12V….OFF
Brakes….TEST & SET
Circuit Breakers….CHECK IN
Radios & Electrical Equipment….OFF
Tow Bar….REMOVE

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Before taxi checklist:

BEFORE TAXI:

Lights & Strobes….AS REQUIRED
Radios….ON-SET
Transponder….STANDBY
Flaps….UP
Seats, Belts, Harnesses….CHECK SECURE
Brakes….TEST

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Upwind climbing procedure:

10 degrees of flaps
Lift at 55 knots
Target Vy speed
Once at a safe altitude and climbing speed (usually 500-1000 feet AGL), you can retract the flaps fully.
Make ATC call
Make crosswind turn when at 300 feet below TPA

Crosswind procedure:

Climb to TPA at 74 knots
Make ATC call
Make downwind turn when at TPA

Downwind procedure:

Maintain TPA at 90 knots
Reduce power to 85 knots and extend the first notch of flaps when abeam.
Start descending
Make ATC call
Make base turn

Base leg procedure:

When wings level, reduce airspeed to 75 knots and extend the second notch of flaps.
Be about half TPA, when halfway down base.
Make ATC call
Turn to final

Final leg procedure:

When wings level, reduce power to 65 knots and optionally extend the third notch of flaps
Align with the runway and adjust from there.
Flare and land.

When starting a climb in flight _______

increase full power

Fly the speeds and techniques in the POH/AFM. Memorize the speeds in the POH:

Aircraft V-Speeds:

Vr: Rotation Speed
Vx: Best angle of climb
Vy: Best rate of climb
Va: Maneuvering speed
Vfe: Max flap extended speed
Vno: Max structural cruising speed
Vne: Never exceed speed
Vs1: Stall Speed (clean)
Vso: Stall Speed (dirty)
Glide: (clean)

Note all speeds are for a certain gross weight

BCGUMPS:

Boost Pump
Carb Heat
Gas
Undercarriage
Mixture
Prop
Switches/Seat Belts

You might be switching back and forth between airplanes without a boost pump and carburetor. BCGUMPS and GUMPS

The difference between side slips and forward slips is:

- Side Slips are used for slipping sideways through the air during a crosswind landing. - Forward Slips are used to lose altitude quickly and take you forward towards the runway (presumably, or whatever else you are trying to lose altitude to get down to).

In a slip, never completely rely on your _______

airspeed indicator

In a slip, do not continually _______

decrease airspeed to reduce altitude more quickly, as this may result in a cross-controlled stall. Instead lower the nose, as this will increase airspeed and rate of descent.

PAC:

Power (RPM), attitude, configuration. This concept teaches that there is a definite pitch and power setting that will consistently provide the desired performance.

Attitude + Power = Performance Traps:

1. At high density altitudes, you can raise the nose to climb attitude and move the throttle full forward, but don’t anticipate sea level climb performance. 2. Avoiding trap number two means recognizing that a sudden increase in apparent weight (load factor) implies that you’re closer to a stall than the nose-low attitude might suggest.

Using attitude to estimate your angle of attack becomes _______

less reliable when it’s harder to identify the airplane’s actual motion through the air.

The speed at which the aircraft should leave the ground during takeoff

Rotation Speed (Vr)

Go/no go decision:

whether to fly or not to fly

You should make a go/no go decision based on several factors. These factors are:

- Weather condition - Airplane condition - Pilot condition - Terrain conditions - Night flying - Passenger issues - Fuel reserves - Aircraft loading - NOTAM’s

The existing weather conditions is an important factor to consider _______

whether to fly or not to fly.

What are the phases of flight?

The phases of flight are: Flight planning, taxiing, takeoff, climb, cruising, approach, descent, landing, and post flight procedures

What is a flight plan?

A flight plan is a document to air traffic control providing specific information on the intended flight

A flight plan includes what information?

A flight plan includes information such as tail number, type of flight, equipment onboard, cruising speed, and total number of passengers.

How will a pilot file a flight plan?

A pilot will file a flight plan with air traffic control in a written document, electronic document, or verbally.

Flight plans are a required step for flights that do the following:

• Require air traffic control, (meaning they will need to be routed around other air traffic) • Use Instrument Flight Rules (IFR), (used on flights where visibility may be limited) • Are located in specific areas, (such as large, urban cities or commercial airports) • Cross international borders

What does a flight plan also include?

Flight planning also includes internal and external preflight checks on the aircraft, in which the pilot will walk around the plane noting areas of concern, then more checks will be done inside the plane to ensure that all systems are operational and ready for flight.