Chemical Pathology (All Topics) Flashcards
1
Q
Fluid balance:
What is:
- The % of body water content
- Ratio of intracellular: extracellular fluid
What are the main types of Extracellular fluid?
A
2
Q
Fluid balance:
What is the best analogy for why body cells need a high sodium environment?
A
3
Q
Fluid balance:
What is there difference between Osmolality and Osmolarity?
A
4
Q
Fluid balance:
What are the Physiological and Pathological determinants of Serum Osmolarity?
A
5
Q
Fluid balance:
How is Osmolarity Calculated?
A
6
Q
Fluid balance:
How can the difference between Osmolality and Osmolarity be useful?
A
7
Q
Sodium:
How is true hyponatraemia defined using serum osmolality?
What is TURP syndrome?
A
8
Q
Sodium:
What are the subclassifications of Hyponatraemia and what are their causes?
A
9
Q
Sodium:
How can hydration status and Urinary Sodium be used to distinguish true Hyonatraemia?
A
10
Q
Sodium:
How does Cirrhosis cause Hyponatraemia?
A
11
Q
Sodium:
What is the danger of rapid correction of Hyponatraemia?
What are the possible causes of Hyponatraemia post surgery?
A
12
Q
Sodium:
What is the laboratory criteria for Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?
A
13
Q
Sodium:
What are the causes of Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?
A
14
Q
Sodium:
- What is the normal range for blood Sodium?
- How much is freely exchangeable?
- How are serum levels maintained?
- What are ECT levels dependent on?
A
15
Q
Sodium:
- What is the definition of Hyponatraemia?
- How should it be treated?
- What different symptoms are caused at different Sodium levels?
A
16
Q
Sodium:
What is the treatment for Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)?
A
17
Q
Sodium:
What is the definition of Hypernatraemia?
A
19
Q
Sodium:
What are the causes of Hypovolaemic Hypernatraemia?
A
20
Q
Sodium:
What are the causes of Euvolaemic Hypernatraemia?
A
21
Q
Sodium:
What are the causes of Hypervolaemic Hypernatraemia?
A
22
Q
Diabetes Insipidus:
What are the clinical features of Diabetes Insipidus?
A
23
Q
Diabetes Insipidus:
What is Cranial Diabetes Insipidus?
A
24
Q
Diabetes Insipidus:
What is Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus?
A
25
Q
Diabetes Insipidus:
How is Diabetes Insipidus diagnosed?
A
26
**_Diabetes Insipidus:_**
How should Exam Questions on Sodium be handled?
27
**_Potassium:_**
What is the normal range of potassium levels in the body?
Is it mostly intracellular or extracellular?
How much of it is freely exchangeable?
28
**_Potassium:_**
What is/are the definition and main causes of Hypokalaemia?
29
**_Potassium:_**
What is the treatment for Hyporkalaemia?
30
**_Potassium:_**
What is the definition of Hyperkalaemia?
Is it more or less common than Hypokalaemia?
31
**_Potassium:_**
What are the possible causes of Hyperkalaemia?
32
**_Potassium:_**
How is Hyperkalaemia treated?
What does a high Potassium and Low Sodium suggest?
33
**_Potassium:_**
What is the relationship between Hydrogen and Potassium?
34
**_Acid Base:_**
What are the normal ranges for pH, CO2, Bicarbonate and Oxygen?
35
**_Acid Base:_**
How is [H+] calculated?
What is [H+] equivalent to?
36
**_Acid Base:_**
What are the steps in solving a case?
37
**_Acid Base:_**
What is/are the pH, Bicarbonate, CO2 and Causes of:
1. Metabolic Acidosis
2. Metabolic Alkalosis
3. Respiratory Acidosis
4. Respiratory Alkalosis
38
**_Acid Base:_**
What is compensation?
What extra information is needed for metabolic acidosis?
39
**_Acid Base:_**
What is the Anion Gap and how is it calculated?
What is its normal range?
40
**_Acid Base:_**
What are the possible causes of elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis?
41
**_Acid Base:_**
What is the osmolar gap and what is an increase in it caused by?
42
**_Liver function tests:_**
What are the LFTs that are markers and liver cell damage and synthetic function?
43
**_Liver function tests:_**
What are the normal levels of AST/ALT? What are the main causes of them being raised?
44
**_Liver function tests:_**
What are the normal levels of ALP What are the main causes of them being raised?
45
**_Liver function tests:_**
What are the normal levels of GGT?
What are the main causes of them being raised?
46
**_Porphyrias:_**
What is the definition of a Porphyria?
47
**_Porphyrias:_**
What is/are the inheritance and symptoms of Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP)?
48
**_Porphyrias:_**
What is/are the investigations, predisposing facts and management of Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP)?
49
**_Porphyrias:_**
What is/are the subtypes, genetics and symptoms of Acute Porphyrias with Skin Lesions?
50
**_Porphyrias:_**
What are the diseases caused by Non-Acute Porphyrias?
51
**_Porphyrias:_**
What are the symptoms of Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP)?
52
**_Porphyrias:_**
What is/are the genetics, symptoms, investigations and management of Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)?
53
**_Thyroid:_**
What are the reference ranges for TSH, Free T4 and Free T3?
54
**_Thyroid:_**
What are the interpretations of:
1. ↑TSH ↓T4
2. ↑TSH ↔T4
3. ↑TSH ↑T4
4. ↓TSH ↑T4
5. ↓TSH ↔T3 and T4
6. ↓TSH ↓T4
7. ↑(later↓) TSH ↓T3 and ↓ T4
8. ↔TSH, abnormal T4
56
**_Thyroid:_**
What are the details of High Uptake Hyperthyroidism?
57
**_Thyroid:_**
What are the details of Low Uptake Hyperthyroidism?
58
**_Thyroid:_**
What are the details of Autoimmune Hypothyroidism?
59
**_Thyroid:_**
What are the details of “Other” types of Hypothyroidism?
60
**_Thyroid:_**
What is the treatment of Hyper and Hypothyroidism?
61
**_Thyroid:_**
What are the types of Thyroid Neoplasia?
**_Thyroid Neoplasia:_**
1. Papillary
2. Follicular
3. Medullary
4. Lymphoma
5. Anaplastic
62
**_Thyroid:_**
What are the details of Papillary Thyroid Neoplasia?
63
**_Thyroid:_**
What are the details of Follicular Thyroid Neoplasia?
64
**_Thyroid:_**
What are the details of Medullary Thyroid Neoplasia?
65
**_Thyroid:_**
What are the details of Lymphoma Thyroid Neoplasia?
66
**_Thyroid:_**
What are the details of Anaplastic Thyroid Neoplasia?
67
**_Thyroid:_**
What is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia?
69
**_Thyroid:_**
What are the main types and causes of Hypo and Hyperthyroidism?
* **_Hyperthyroidism:_**
* High Uptake
* Graves Disease
* Toxic multinodular
* Toxic Adenoma
* Low Uptake
* Subacute
* Postpartum thyroiditis
* **_Hypothyroidism:_**
* Autoimmune
* Primary atrophic
* Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
* Other
* Iodine deficiency
* Post thyroiditis
* Drug induced
70
**_Therapeutic Drug monitoring:_**
What is/are the toxicity signs, signs under treatment, interactions and cautions and treatment for Phenytoin?
71
**_Therapeutic Drug monitoring:_**
What is/are the toxicity signs, signs under treatment, interactions and cautions and treatment for Digoxin?
72
**_Therapeutic Drug monitoring:_**
What is/are the toxicity signs, signs under treatment, interactions and cautions and treatment for Lithium?
73
**_Therapeutic Drug monitoring:_**
What is/are the toxicity signs, signs under treatment, interactions and cautions and treatment for Gentamicin?
74
**_Therapeutic Drug monitoring:_**
What is/are the toxicity signs, signs under treatment, interactions and cautions and treatment for Theophylline?
75
**_Calcium:_**
What are normal blood calcium levels?
What form does it take in the blood?
76
**_Calcium:_**
What are the two main hormones involved in Calcium Metabolism and what do they do?
77
**_Calcium:_**
Outline the overall Calcium feedback loop
78
**_Calcium:_**
Outline the Primary Defect, Calcium Level, Phosphate level, Alk Phos level and Vitamin D levels for Primary Hyperparathyroidism
79
**_Calcium:_**
Outline the Primary Defect, Calcium Level, Phosphate level, Alk Phos level and Vitamin D levels for Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
80
**_Calcium:_**
Outline the Primary Defect, Calcium Level, Phosphate level, Alk Phos level and Vitamin D levels for Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
81
**_Calcium:_**
Outline the Primary Defect, Calcium Level, Phosphate level, Alk Phos level and Vitamin D levels for Hypoparathyroidism
82
**_Calcium:_**
Outline the Primary Defect, Calcium Level, Phosphate level, Alk Phos level and Vitamin D levels for Rickets/Osteomalacia
83
**_Calcium:_**
Outline the Primary Defect, Calcium Level, Phosphate level, Alk Phos level and Vitamin D levels for Paget's disease
84
**_Calcium:_**
Outline the Primary Defect, Calcium Level, Phosphate level, Alk level and Vitamin D levels for Osteoporosis
85
**_Calcium:_**
What are the causes of Hypocalcaemia?
86
**_Calcium:_**
What is/are the symptoms and treatment of Hypocalcaemia?
87
**_Calcium:_**
What are the causes of Hypercalcaemia?
88
**_Calcium:_**
What is/are the symptoms and treatment of Hypercalcaemia?
89
**_Calcium:_**
What are the risk factors for Renal stones?
90
**_Calcium:_**
What is/are the signs, causes and preventative management of Calcium Stones?
91
**_Calcium:_**
What is/are the % frequency and X-ray appearance of:
1. Mixed Calcium stones
2. Calcium oxalate
3. Calcium phosphate
4. Triple phosphate“Struvite”
5. Uric acid
6. Cysteine
7. Others eg xanthine
92
**_Calcium:_**
What are the investigations for recurrent stones?
93
**_Enzyme and cardiac markers:_**
What does raised Amylase indicate?
94
**_Enzyme and cardiac markers:_**
What is Creatine Kinase used for?
What do raised levels indicate?
95
**_Enzyme and cardiac markers:_**
Where are there high levels of ALP?
What are the main causes of raised ALP?
96
**_Enzyme and cardiac markers:_**
What is troponin and what are its uses?
97
**_Enzyme and cardiac markers:_**
What is an “international unit”?
98
**_Lipoprotein metabolism:_**
Outline Lipoprotein Metabolism
100
**_Lipoprotein metabolism:_**
What are the diseases caused by Primary Hypercholesterolaemia and their features?
101
**_Lipoprotein metabolism:_**
What are the diseases caused by Primary Hypertriglyceridaemia and their features?
102
**_Lipoprotein metabolism:_**
What are the diseases caused by Primary Mixed Hyperlipidaemia and their features?
103
**_Lipoprotein metabolism:_**
What are the diseases caused by Primary Mixed Hyperlipidaemia and their features?
What are the diseases caused by Hyperlipidaemia and their features?
104
**_Lipoprotein metabolism:_**
What is the Lipoproteins In order of density?
What is PCSK9?
What is Lipoprotein a risk factor for?
110
**_Lipoprotein metabolism:_**
What are the main types of Lipoprotein disorders?
* **Primary Hypercholesterolemia:**
* Familial hypercholesterolemia (type II)
* Polygenic hypercholesterolemia
* Familial hyperα-lipoproteinemia
* Phytosterolemia
* **Primary Hypertriglyceridaemia:**
* Familial Type I
* Familial Type V
* Familial Type IV
* **Primary Mixed Hyperlipidaemia:**
* Familial Combined hyperlipidaemia
* Familial dysβlipoproteinaemia
* Familial hepatic lipase deficiency
* **Hyperlipidaemia:**
* Aβ-lipoproteinemia
* Hypoβ-lipoproteinemia
* Tangier Disease
* Hypoα-lipoproteinemia
111
**_Nutrition:_**
What are the fat soluble vitamins, water soluble vitamins and trace elements?
* **Fat Soluble:**
* A: Retinol
* D: Cholecalciferol
* E: Tocopherol
* K: Phytomenadione
* **Water soluble:**
* B1: Thiamine
* B2: Riboflavin
* B6; Pyridoxine
* B12: Cobalamin
* C: Ascorbate
* Folate
* B3: Niacin
* **Trace elements:**
* Iron
* Iodine
* Zinc
* Copper
* Fluoride
112
**_Nutrition:_**
What is/are the deficiency disease, excess disease and tests for:
* Vitamin A
* Vitamin D
* Vitamin E
* Vitamin K
113
**_Nutrition:_**
What is/are the deficiency disease, excess disease and tests for:
* Vitamin B1
* Vitamin B2
* Vitamin B6
* Vitamin B12
114
**_Nutrition:_**
What is/are the deficiency disease, excess disease and tests for:
* Vitamin C
* Folate
* Vitamin B3
115
**_Nutrition:_**
What is/are the deficiency disease, excess disease and tests for:
* Iron
* Iodine
* Zinc
* Copper
* Fluoride
116
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
Which diseases are screened in the “Guthrie” blood spot test?
How is it done?
117
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What is the outcome and screening test for Phenylketonuria?
118
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What is the outcome and screening test for Congenital Hypothyroidism?
119
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What is the outcome and screening test for Cystic Fibrosis?
120
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What is the outcome and screening test for Medium Chain Acyl CoA dehydrogenase Deficiency?
121
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What does the newborn screening promgramme measure?
122
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What do specificity and sensitivity refer to?
What do Positive and Negative predictive values refer to?
123
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
Using this example table, how is the sensitivity calculated?
124
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
Using this example table, how is the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) calculated?
125
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
Using this example table, how is the Negative Predictive Value (NPV) calculated?
127
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What are the key features of Organic acidemias?
128
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What are the key features of Urea cycle disorders?
129
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What are the key features of Aminoacidopathies?
130
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What are the key features of Glycogen storage disorders?
131
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What are the key features of Galactosaemia?
132
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What are the key features of Fatty acid oxidation disorders?
133
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What are the key features of Peroxisomal disorders?
134
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What are the key features of Peroxisomal disorders?
135
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What are the key features of Group 4, Defects in Large Molecule metabolism?
136
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What are the key features of Group 5, mitochondrial disorders?
137
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
Which diseases are screened in the “Guthrie” blood spot test?
138
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
Using this example table, how is the specificity calculated?
148
**_Metabolic Disorders:_**
What is the classification of Inherited Metabolic Disorders?
* **Group 1: Accumulation of toxins**
* Organic acidemias
* includes propionic acidaemia
* Urea cycle disorders
* includes ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
* Aminoacidopathies
* includes PKU and maple syrup urine disease
* **Group 2: Reduced energy stores**
* Glycogen storage disorders
* Includes Von Gierke’s
* Galactosaemia
* Fatty acid oxidation
* Includes MCADD
* **Group 3: Large molecule synthesis**
* Peroxisomal disorders
* Glycosylation disorders
* **Group 4: Defects in large molecule metabolism**
* Lysosomal disorders
* **Group 5: Mitochondrial**
* Various
149
**_Hyperglycaemia:_**
What are the causes of Hyperglycaemia?
150
**_Hyperglycaemia:_**
What is/are the epidemiology and investigations for Diabetes Mellitus?
151
**_Hyperglycaemia:_**
How is Hypoglycaemia classified and what are their causes?
152
**_Hyperglycaemia:_**
What is the flow chart for finding the cause of Hypoglycaemia?
153
Hyperglycaemia:
What is Non-islet Tumour Hypoglycaemia?
154
**_Paediatric:_**
What are the causes of:
1. Insensible water loss Fluid overload
2. Hypernatraemia Hyponatraemia
155
**_Paediatric:_**
What are the common problems fun low birth weight?
156
**_Paediatric:_**
How is the Paediatric Renal system different to Adults?
157
**_Paediatric:_**
What are the common Paediatric features of Electrolyte disturbances?
158
**_Paediatric:_**
What is the broad classification of Neonatal jaundice?
159
**_Renal Physiology:_**
What is normal GFR?
What its the age related decline?
160
**_Renal Physiology:_**
What is clearance?
161
**_Renal Physiology:_**
What is the gold standard for measurement of GFR?
162
**_Renal Physiology:_**
How is creatine used with respect to GFR?
163
**_Renal Physiology:_**
What are the single samples and 24hr collection investigations of urine?
164
**_Renal Physiology:_**
What is the definition of Acute Kidney Injury?
What subclassifications are there?
165
**_Renal Physiology:_**
What are the causes of Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury?
166
**_Renal Physiology:_**
What are the causes of Renal Acute Kidney Injury?
167
**_Renal Physiology:_**
What are the causes of Post-renal Acute Kidney Injury?
168
**_Renal Physiology:_**
What are the indications for dialysis in an emergency?
169
**_Renal Physiology:_**
What is the description, GFR and Prevalence (% of population) of Stage 1 to 5 Chronic Kidney Disease?
170
**_Renal Physiology:_**
What are the commonest causes of Chronic Kidney Disease?
171
**_Renal Physiology:_**
What are the consequences of Chronic Kidney Disease?
172
**_Renal Physiology:_**
What are the common findings and causes of Urine Microscopy?
173
**_Adrenals:_**
What are the causes of Cushing’s?
174
**_Adrenals:_**
What are the signs/symptoms of Cushing’s?
175
**_Adrenals:_**
What are the investigations for Cushing’s?
176
**_Adrenals:_**
What is the management for Cushing’s?
177
**_Adrenals:_**
What are the causes of Addison's?
178
**_Adrenals:_**
What are the signs/symptoms of Addison's?
179
**_Adrenals:_**
What are the investigations for Addison's?
180
**_Adrenals:_**
What is the management for Addison's?
181
**_Adrenals:_**
What are the causes of Pheochromocytoma?
182
**_Adrenals:_**
What are the causes of Conn's?
183
**_Adrenals:_**
What are the signs/symptoms of Pheochromocytoma?
184
**_Adrenals:_**
What are the signs/symptoms of Conn's?
185
**_Adrenals:_**
What are the investigations for Pheochromocytoma?
186
**_Adrenals:_**
What are the investigations for Conn's?
187
**_Adrenals:_**
What is the management for Pheochromocytoma?
188
**_Adrenals:_**
What is the management for Conn's?
189
**_Pituitary:_**
What are the hormones produced in the Hypothalamus and the actions they have on the Pituitary?
190
**_Pituitary:_**
What are the indications for a combined pituitary function test (CPFT)?
191
**_Pituitary:_**
What is the procedure of a combined pituitary function test (CPFT)?
192
**_Pituitary:_**
What are the hormones produced in the Hypothalamus and the actions they have on the Pituitary?
193
**_Pituitary:_**
How is the Insulin tolerance test interpreted in a a combined pituitary function test (CPFT)?
194
**_Pituitary:_**
How is the Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Test interpreted in a combined pituitary function test (CPFT)?
195
**_Pituitary:_**
How is the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Test interpreted in a combined pituitary function test (CPFT)?
What does an inadequate response suggest?
196
**_Pituitary:_**
How can tumours affect the Pituitary?
What is the definition of a Microadenoma and a Macroadenoma?
What symptoms can patients present with?
197
**_Pituitary:_**
What hormones are produced in the Anterior Pituitary?
198
**_Pituitary:_**
What are the causes of excess ADH?
199
**_Pituitary:_**
What are the causes of ADH failure?
200
**_Pituitary:_**
What are the contraindications of a combined pituitary function test (CPFT)?
201
**_Pituitary:_**
What are the side effects of a combined pituitary function test (CPFT)?
202
**_Pituitary_**
How is Gonadotrophin deficiency diagnosed in men and women?
What happens if sex steriods are present in Children?
203
