chemical analysis of urine 1 Flashcards
part 1
reagents: Methyl red and Bromthymol blue
a. ph
b. sg
c. protein
ph ( 60 seconds)
principle: Double Indicator System
regents: METHYL RED AND BROMTHYMOL BLUE
normal urine ph
a. 6.0-7.5
b. 4.0 - 8.0
c. 4.5 - 8.0
NORMAL urine pH
- 4.5 - 8.0
first morning
5.0 - 6.0
during of after meal
a. acid urine
b. alkaline urine
alkaline tide (during or after meal)
ALKALINE URINEstarvation
a. acid urine
b. alkaline urine
starvation
ACID URINE
E.COLI
a. acid urine
b. alkaline urine
presence of ACID producing bacteria (E.coli)
acid urine
proteus
a. acid urine
b. alkaline urine
presence of UREASE producing bacteria (Proteus and pseudomonas spp)
alkaline urine
meat
a. acid urine
b. alkaline urine
acid urine
citrus
a. acid urine
b. alkaline urine
alkaline
reading time for pH
a. 60 seconds
b. 120 secs
c. 40 secs
60 secs
influenced by number and particles on a solution
a. pH
b. SG
c. protein
sg
principle: Double Indicator System
a. pH
b. SG
c. protein
ph
principle: change in pKa of a polyelectrolyte
a. pH
b. SG
c. protein
specific gravity (45 secs)
principle: change in pKa of a polyelectrolyte
normal random specific gravitty
a. 1.040
b. 1.030
c. 1.000
normal random SG
1.002 - 1.035
radiographic dye contrast
>1.040
not a urine
<1.002
diabetes insipidus
1.000
most indicative of renal disease
a. pH
b. SG
c. PROTEIN
PROTEIN
produces WHITE FOAM in urine
a. ph
b. sg
c. protein
protein
clinical proteinuria
a. <30 mg/dl
b. <10 mg/dl
c. >30 mg/L
clinical proteinuria
>30mg/dl or > 300g/l
normal urine has little protein <10mg/dl or <100mg/24 hrs
protein can be found in Multiple Myeloma
a. bence jones protein
b. acute phase reactants
c. hemoglobin
bence jones protein
indicator of KImmelsteil - WIlsons disease
a. microalbinuria
b. SSA
c. glucose
diabetic nephropathy / kimmelstein - wilsons disease
indicator: MICROALBINURIA
test for microalbiminuria - MICRAL TEST, what is the POSITIVE RESULT
a. red
b. green
c. white
immonologic test -> micral test
(+) RED
(-_) WHITE COLOR
in IMMUNODIP how many minutes does the container will placed in the urine specimen
a. 3 minutes
b. 1minute
c. 5 minutes
immunodip - 3 minutes
micral test- strip will dipped in the urine for 5 minutes
- reading time 1 minute
IMMUNODIP interpretation of the result with the appearance DARKER BOTTOM BAND
A. positive
b. borderline
c. negative
negative - bottom
borderline - equal
top - positive
IMMUNODIP interpretation of the result with the appearance DARKER TOP BAND
A. positive
b. borderline
c. negative
negative - bottom
borderline - equal
top - positive
immunologic test that has the reagent antibody coated blue latex
a. micral test
b. immunodip
immunodip
> reagents - ANTIBODY COATED BLUE LATEX PARTICLES
> sensitivity - 1.2 to 8.0 mg/dl
micral test
> reagents - GOLD LABELED ANTIBODY
- B-GALACTOSIDASE
- CHLOROPHENOL RED AND GALACTOSIDE
> SENSITIVITY - 0 TO 10 MG/DL
abnormal A:C RATIO
A. 3.4 TO 33.9 MG/MMOL
B. 0-20UG/MIN
C. 20-200 UG/ MIN
ABNORMAL A:C RATIO —-> 3.4 - 33.9MG/MMOL
AER
>normal - 0-20 ug/min
> microalbiminuria - 20-200 or 30 - 300 ug/ min
a:c ratio
what is the reagent for creatinine
a. didntb
b. tmb
c. dbdh
creatinine strip - tmb and dbdh
albumin strip - didntb (higher sensitivity and specificity for albumin)
a:c ratio
color range for albumin ratio
a. pale green to aqua blue
b. orange to green to blue
albumin ratio - pale green t o aqua blue
creatinine - orange (neg) to green to blue
what specimen will benign proteinuria can be seen?
a. 24 hr urine
b. random urine
c. 1st morning
random urine
fanconi’s syndrome
a. pre renal
b. renal
c. post renal
renal - TUBULAR PROTEINURIA - fanconi syndrome (PCT)
amyloidosis
a. pre renal
b. renal
c. post renal
renal - GLOMERULAR PROTEINURIA - AMYLOIDOSIS
MICROALBINURIA
a. pre renal
b. renal
c. post renal
renal - GLOMERULAR PROTEINURIA - diabetic nephropathy - indicator: microalbiminuria
principle: Sorensen’s error of indicator
a. protein
b. ph
c. sg
protein
what is the ph in protein medium and what is the buffered
a. ph 3 buffered with citrate
b. ph 4 buffered with potassium
c. ph 3 buffered with chloride
the ph medium remains constant (PH 3 BIFFERED WITH CITRATE)
grading in protein reagent strip quantity of albumin in grading 4+
a. 30mg/dl
b. 100 mg/ dl
c. 2000 mg/dl
1+ = 30mg/dl
2+ = 100 mg/dl
3+ = 300 mg/dl
4+ = 2000mg/dl
what is the glucose renal threshold
a. 1200ml/min
b. 600-700
c. 160-180 mg/dl
glucose renal threshold - 160-180 mg/dl
fanconi syndrome
a. hyperglycemia
b. renal associated
renal associated
increase in blood glucose, increase in urine glucose
a. renal associated
b. hyperglycemia
hyperglycemia
causes
dm, gdm , pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, pheochromcytoma, acromegaly, cushing syndrome. hypErthytoidism, liver disease, cerebrovascular accident or stroke
which is not associated with HYPERGLYCEMIA
a, esrd
b. liver disease
c. dm
d. acromegaly
a. esrd
renal associated - fanconi syndrome, esrd, advanced renal disease, pregnancy, cystinosis
principle: double sequential enzymatic reaction
a. ph
b. sg
c. glucose
glucose
it is added to glucose reagent strip to minimizethe interference of ascorbic acid
a. potassium iodide
b. iodate
c. o- tuluidine
iodate
high levels of ascorbic acid, what is the interferences in glucose reagent strip
a. false pos
b. false neg
false neg
this is a non reducing sugar that cannot test by copper reduction test
a, sucrose
b. maltose
c. fructose
sucrose
non specific test for reducing sugars
a. clinitest
b. ssa
c. acetest
copper reduction test/ benedicts test (clinitest)
- non specific test for reducing sugars
ssa
- cold precipitation test reacts equally with ALL FORMS OF PROTEINS
acetest
- for ketones
in clinitest reaction the heat is required and it is provided by the reaction of___________ AND____________
a. copper sulfate
b. sodium carbonate
c. sodium citrate
d. sodium hydroxide
in clinitest reaction the heat is required and it is provided by the reaction of SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND CITRIC ACID/SODIUM CITRATE
which of th eff is not a component of tablet in clinitest
a. sodium hydroxide
b. copper sulfate
c. lactose
d. citric acid
c. lactose (for acetest)
component of the tablet in clinitest
- copper sulfate
- sodium carbonate
- sodium citrate / citric acid
- sodium hydroxide
what is the color in 3+ in clinitest
a. green
b. blue
c. orange
orange- 3+
what is the grading in blue color in clinitest
a. 1+
b. 2+
c. negative
negative
it is a ketone bodies that is only detected when there is a presence of glycine
a. beta hydroxybutyric acid
b. acetoacetic acid (AAA)
c, acetone
acetone
it is the major ketone but not detected in reagent strip
a. beta hydroxybutyric acid
b. acetoacetic acid (AAA)
c, acetone
beta hydroxybutyric acid
how many percent does diacetic acid is?
a. 78%
b. 20%
c. 2%
78% beta hydroxybutyric acid
20% - diacetic acid or acetoacetic acid (AAA)
2% - acetone
it is used as a confirmatory test for questionable reagent strip results in ketones
a. icto test
b. ssa
c. clinitest
d. acetest
acetest
cloudy urine
a. hematuria
b. hemoglobinuria
c. myoglobinuria
hematuria - cloudy urine
hemoglobinuria
myoglobinuria
- clear urine
presence of speckled pattern in the reagent pad
a. hematuria
b. hemoglobinuria
c. myoglobinuria
hematuria
it is a result in lysis of rbc
a. hematuria
b. hemoglobinuria
c. myoglobinuria
hemoglobinuria
