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CLINICAL MICROSCOPY > chemical analysis of urine 1 > Flashcards

chemical analysis of urine 1 Flashcards

part 1

1
Q

reagents: Methyl red and Bromthymol blue

a. ph
b. sg
c. protein

A

ph ( 60 seconds)

principle: Double Indicator System
regents: METHYL RED AND BROMTHYMOL BLUE

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2
Q

normal urine ph

a. 6.0-7.5
b. 4.0 - 8.0
c. 4.5 - 8.0

A

NORMAL urine pH
- 4.5 - 8.0

first morning
5.0 - 6.0

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3
Q

during of after meal

a. acid urine
b. alkaline urine

A 
alkaline tide (during or after meal)
      ALKALINE URINE
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4
Q

starvation

a. acid urine
b. alkaline urine

A

starvation

ACID URINE

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5
Q

E.COLI

a. acid urine
b. alkaline urine

A

presence of ACID producing bacteria (E.coli)

acid urine

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6
Q

proteus

a. acid urine
b. alkaline urine

A

presence of UREASE producing bacteria (Proteus and pseudomonas spp)
alkaline urine

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7
Q

meat

a. acid urine
b. alkaline urine

A

acid urine

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8
Q

citrus

a. acid urine
b. alkaline urine

A

alkaline

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9
Q

reading time for pH

a. 60 seconds
b. 120 secs
c. 40 secs

A

60 secs

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10
Q

influenced by number and particles on a solution

a. pH
b. SG
c. protein

A

sg

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11
Q

principle: Double Indicator System

a. pH
b. SG
c. protein

A

ph

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12
Q

principle: change in pKa of a polyelectrolyte

a. pH
b. SG
c. protein

A

specific gravity (45 secs)

principle: change in pKa of a polyelectrolyte

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13
Q

normal random specific gravitty

a. 1.040
b. 1.030
c. 1.000

A

normal random SG
1.002 - 1.035

radiographic dye contrast
>1.040

not a urine
<1.002

diabetes insipidus
1.000

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14
Q

most indicative of renal disease

a. pH
b. SG
c. PROTEIN

A

PROTEIN

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15
Q

produces WHITE FOAM in urine

a. ph
b. sg
c. protein

A

protein

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16
Q

clinical proteinuria

a. <30 mg/dl
b. <10 mg/dl
c. >30 mg/L

A

clinical proteinuria
>30mg/dl or > 300g/l

normal urine has little protein <10mg/dl or <100mg/24 hrs

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17
Q

protein can be found in Multiple Myeloma

a. bence jones protein
b. acute phase reactants
c. hemoglobin

A

bence jones protein

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18
Q

indicator of KImmelsteil - WIlsons disease

a. microalbinuria
b. SSA
c. glucose

A

diabetic nephropathy / kimmelstein - wilsons disease

indicator: MICROALBINURIA

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19
Q

test for microalbiminuria - MICRAL TEST, what is the POSITIVE RESULT

a. red
b. green
c. white

A

immonologic test -> micral test
(+) RED

(-_) WHITE COLOR

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20
Q

in IMMUNODIP how many minutes does the container will placed in the urine specimen

a. 3 minutes
b. 1minute
c. 5 minutes

A

immunodip - 3 minutes

micral test- strip will dipped in the urine for 5 minutes
- reading time 1 minute

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21
Q

IMMUNODIP interpretation of the result with the appearance DARKER BOTTOM BAND

A. positive

b. borderline
c. negative

A

negative - bottom

borderline - equal

top - positive

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22
Q

IMMUNODIP interpretation of the result with the appearance DARKER TOP BAND

A. positive

b. borderline
c. negative

A

negative - bottom

borderline - equal

top - positive

23
Q

immunologic test that has the reagent antibody coated blue latex

a. micral test
b. immunodip

A

immunodip
> reagents - ANTIBODY COATED BLUE LATEX PARTICLES
> sensitivity - 1.2 to 8.0 mg/dl

micral test
> reagents - GOLD LABELED ANTIBODY
- B-GALACTOSIDASE
- CHLOROPHENOL RED AND GALACTOSIDE

> SENSITIVITY - 0 TO 10 MG/DL

24
Q

abnormal A:C RATIO

A. 3.4 TO 33.9 MG/MMOL
B. 0-20UG/MIN
C. 20-200 UG/ MIN

A

ABNORMAL A:C RATIO —-> 3.4 - 33.9MG/MMOL

AER
>normal - 0-20 ug/min
> microalbiminuria - 20-200 or 30 - 300 ug/ min

25
Q

a:c ratio

what is the reagent for creatinine

a. didntb
b. tmb
c. dbdh

A

creatinine strip - tmb and dbdh

albumin strip - didntb (higher sensitivity and specificity for albumin)

26
Q

a:c ratio

color range for albumin ratio

a. pale green to aqua blue
b. orange to green to blue

A

albumin ratio - pale green t o aqua blue

creatinine - orange (neg) to green to blue

27
Q

what specimen will benign proteinuria can be seen?

a. 24 hr urine
b. random urine
c. 1st morning

A

random urine

28
Q

fanconi’s syndrome

a. pre renal
b. renal
c. post renal

A

renal - TUBULAR PROTEINURIA - fanconi syndrome (PCT)

29
Q

amyloidosis

a. pre renal
b. renal
c. post renal

A

renal - GLOMERULAR PROTEINURIA - AMYLOIDOSIS

30
Q

MICROALBINURIA

a. pre renal
b. renal
c. post renal

A

renal - GLOMERULAR PROTEINURIA - diabetic nephropathy - indicator: microalbiminuria

31
Q

principle: Sorensen’s error of indicator

a. protein
b. ph
c. sg

A

protein

32
Q

what is the ph in protein medium and what is the buffered

a. ph 3 buffered with citrate
b. ph 4 buffered with potassium
c. ph 3 buffered with chloride

A

the ph medium remains constant (PH 3 BIFFERED WITH CITRATE)

33
Q

grading in protein reagent strip quantity of albumin in grading 4+

a. 30mg/dl
b. 100 mg/ dl
c. 2000 mg/dl

A

1+ = 30mg/dl

2+ = 100 mg/dl

3+ = 300 mg/dl

4+ = 2000mg/dl

34
Q

what is the glucose renal threshold

a. 1200ml/min
b. 600-700
c. 160-180 mg/dl

A

glucose renal threshold - 160-180 mg/dl

35
Q

fanconi syndrome

a. hyperglycemia
b. renal associated

A

renal associated

36
Q

increase in blood glucose, increase in urine glucose

a. renal associated
b. hyperglycemia

A

hyperglycemia

causes
dm, gdm , pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, pheochromcytoma, acromegaly, cushing syndrome. hypErthytoidism, liver disease, cerebrovascular accident or stroke

37
Q

which is not associated with HYPERGLYCEMIA

a, esrd

b. liver disease
c. dm
d. acromegaly

A

a. esrd

renal associated - fanconi syndrome, esrd, advanced renal disease, pregnancy, cystinosis

38
Q

principle: double sequential enzymatic reaction

a. ph
b. sg
c. glucose

A

glucose

39
Q

it is added to glucose reagent strip to minimizethe interference of ascorbic acid

a. potassium iodide
b. iodate
c. o- tuluidine

A

iodate

40
Q

high levels of ascorbic acid, what is the interferences in glucose reagent strip

a. false pos
b. false neg

A

false neg

41
Q

this is a non reducing sugar that cannot test by copper reduction test

a, sucrose

b. maltose
c. fructose

A

sucrose

42
Q

non specific test for reducing sugars

a. clinitest
b. ssa
c. acetest

A

copper reduction test/ benedicts test (clinitest)
- non specific test for reducing sugars

ssa
- cold precipitation test reacts equally with ALL FORMS OF PROTEINS

acetest
- for ketones

43
Q

in clinitest reaction the heat is required and it is provided by the reaction of___________ AND____________

a. copper sulfate
b. sodium carbonate
c. sodium citrate
d. sodium hydroxide

A

in clinitest reaction the heat is required and it is provided by the reaction of SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND CITRIC ACID/SODIUM CITRATE

44
Q

which of th eff is not a component of tablet in clinitest

a. sodium hydroxide
b. copper sulfate
c. lactose
d. citric acid

A

c. lactose (for acetest)

component of the tablet in clinitest

  1. copper sulfate
  2. sodium carbonate
  3. sodium citrate / citric acid
  4. sodium hydroxide
45
Q

what is the color in 3+ in clinitest

a. green
b. blue
c. orange

A

orange- 3+

46
Q

what is the grading in blue color in clinitest

a. 1+
b. 2+
c. negative

A

negative

47
Q

it is a ketone bodies that is only detected when there is a presence of glycine

a. beta hydroxybutyric acid
b. acetoacetic acid (AAA)
c, acetone

A

acetone

48
Q

it is the major ketone but not detected in reagent strip

a. beta hydroxybutyric acid
b. acetoacetic acid (AAA)
c, acetone

A

beta hydroxybutyric acid

49
Q

how many percent does diacetic acid is?

a. 78%
b. 20%
c. 2%

A

78% beta hydroxybutyric acid

20% - diacetic acid or acetoacetic acid (AAA)

2% - acetone

50
Q

it is used as a confirmatory test for questionable reagent strip results in ketones

a. icto test
b. ssa
c. clinitest
d. acetest

A

acetest

51
Q

cloudy urine

a. hematuria
b. hemoglobinuria
c. myoglobinuria

A

hematuria - cloudy urine

hemoglobinuria
myoglobinuria
- clear urine

52
Q

presence of speckled pattern in the reagent pad

a. hematuria
b. hemoglobinuria
c. myoglobinuria

A

hematuria

53
Q

it is a result in lysis of rbc

a. hematuria
b. hemoglobinuria
c. myoglobinuria

A

hemoglobinuria

CLINICAL MICROSCOPY (14 decks)

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