Chem Chap 1 Flashcards
Equation to convert C to F
F= 1.8 C + 32
Equation to convert C to K
K= C + 273.15
When powers are multiplied, the exponents are ____?
Added
When powers are divided, the exponents are _____?
Subtracted
What is Scientific Notation?
- uses exponents (power of 10) for handling very large or very small numbers
- in scientific notation only 1 digit is to the left of the decimal place
- the order of “magnitude” is expressed as a power of 10
Express the following in scientific notation
11,000,000
1.1x10^7
Express the following in scientific notation
0.0000000045
4.5x10^-9
what temperature does water boil for Fahrenheit and for Celsius?
- Fahrenheit = 212
- Celsius = 100
What temperature does water freeze for Fahrenheit and for Celsius?
- Fahrenheit = 32
- Celsius = 0
What is Charles Law?
- Volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature (when pressure is constant)
- Volume/temperature= pressure
What is Boyle’s law?
- Volume and pressure are inversely proportional when temperature is constant
- Pressure/ Volume= temperature
What are physical properties?
- property can be observed or measured without changing the chemical makeup of the substance
- occurs without producing a new chemical substance
All measurement have what ?
an inherent error of uncertainty
What are significant figure and what are the rules?
- digit in a measurement that has a physical meaning an can be reproducibly determined
- all nonzero digits in a number are significant
- all zeros between nonzero numbers are significant
- zeros at the end of a number to the right of a decimal point are significant
What is precision?
- consistency and reproducibility of a test (reliability)
- absence of random variations
- random error reduces precision in a test
- can be quantified by standard deviation
What is accuracy?
- trueness of test measurements (validity)
- absence os systematic error or bias in a test
-systematic error reduces accuracy in a test
What is absolute zero?
- coldest possible temperature
- cannot be reached
- Kelvin begins at absolute zero
- 0K = absolute zero= -273.15 C
how do you calculate Density ?
- mass/volume
- most common unit g/ml
What is the density of water?
1.0g/ml
What is the density of mercury ?
13.6 g/ml
What is specific gravity and how do you calculate it?
- the ratio between a objects density and the density of water (dimensionless and does not depend on the units)
- density of object/density of water
- only equals density when units of measure are grams/ml because the density of water is 1g/ml
Significance of low specific gravity
- indicates dilute urine, which may be caused by
- DI (low as 1.001)
- Drinking excess liquids
- pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis
- diuretics
Significant of High specific gravity
- indicates very concentrated urine
- dehydration
- diabetes mellitus
- Adrenal insufficiency
- toxemia of pregnancy (protein in urine)
Tetra
- T
- 10^12
