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summer 24 > Chapter 5 and 6 chem/physics > Flashcards

Chapter 5 and 6 chem/physics Flashcards

1
Q

What are fluids and what affects their flow?

A
  • any material that has the ability to flow
  • both gases and liquids are considered fluids
  • basic forces like gravity and pressure differences cause fluids to flow
  • when in a container they take the shape of that container
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2
Q

what is hydrostatics?

A
  • the study of fluids that are not moving
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3
Q

What is hydrodynamics?

A
  • study of fluids in motion
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4
Q

What is poiseuilles law?

A
  • laminar flow
  • bigger IV increases flow
  • shorter length can increase flow
  • increasing the hydrostatic pressure in the IV bag by increase it height increase flow
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5
Q

What is laminar flow?

A
  • is streamlined (in a straight line)
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6
Q

Reynolds number

A
  • predicts whether flow will be laminar or turbulent
  • directly proportional to fluid velocity, tube diameter, and fluid density
  • inversely proportional to fluid viscosity
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7
Q

What number does Reynolds number greater than to be considered turbulent ?

A

> 2000

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8
Q

When flow is turbulent _____ not viscosity determines flow

A
  • density
  • (turbulent flow is inversely proportional to density)
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9
Q

Why is helium vs heliox different and what can they be used for? how does it effect flow?

A
  • Helium has a low density so heliox decreases the work of breathing and restores laminar flow (obstruction causes flow to be turbulent so a low density gas mixture makes breathing easier)
  • asthma attacks
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10
Q

how is laminar flow proportional to viscosity

A

inversely

(think about how this affects polycythemia and anemia)

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11
Q

how is turbulent flow proportional to density

A

inversely

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12
Q

Turbulent flow causes what?

A
  • audible vibration called Bruits
  • high velocities
  • sharp turns in the circulation
  • rough surfaces int he circulation
  • rapid narrowing of blood vessels
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13
Q

How is turbulence increased?

A
  • blood viscosity
  • blood velocity
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14
Q

What is the coanda effect?

A
  • tendency of fluid to flow to follow a curved surface upon emerging from a constriction
  • causes a preferential flow in one tube at a bifurcation
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15
Q

Pascals principle

A
  • pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout the fluid by the same amount
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16
Q

Bernoulli principle/ venturi effect use examples

A

venturi oxygen mask, nebulizer, jet ventilator and injectors

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17
Q

How does Bernoulli’s principle and/or venturi effect work?

A

When velocity increases the pressure drops.

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18
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

normally no symptoms but with exercise the velocity of the blood flow is high so the pressure drops. The walls can snap shut and they suddenly die

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19
Q

is turbulent flow streamlined?

A

no.

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20
Q

Resistance to flow equation

A

R= P/F

R=resistance
F=flow
P=pressure

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21
Q

How does radius affect laminar flow?

A

When radius is doubled, the resistance will decrease 16 folds

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22
Q

Henry’s law

A

-amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure (P) of the gas.
- this allows calculation of dissolved O2 and CO2 in the blood

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23
Q

Solubility

A

gas partition coefficient is useful index of solubility. It defined the relative affinity of an anesthetic agent for the blood compared to air

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24
Q

Graham’s law of effusion

A
  • Diffusion is net movement of a gas from an area of high concentration (pressure) to an area of lower concentration
  • effusion is the movement of a gas through a pinhole
    -the rate of effusion is inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular weight
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25
Q

To determine the amount of O2 dissolved in blood,

A

PaO2 X 0.003 = mL/100 mL

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26
Q

To determine the amount of CO2 dissolved in blood,

A

PaCO2 X 0.067 =___ mL/100 mL

27
Q

Squeezing an ambu bag is an example of which empirical gas laws?

A

Boyle’s law

During inspiration, thoracic volume is increased and the pressure goes down. During expiration, thoracic volume decreases and pressure goes up.

28
Q

Inflatable cuff of larungeal mask airway expanding when placed into a autoclave is an example of which empirical gas laws?

A

Charle’s law

29
Q

Hot air balloon is an example of which empirical gas laws?

A

Charle’s law

30
Q

Tire pressure warning in winter is an example of which empirical gas laws?

A

Gay Lussac’s law
Pressure is directly proportional to absolute temperature . Volume is CONSTANT.

31
Q

Alveolar gas equation

A

PAO2 =PIO2-PACO2 /R

PAO2= alveolar PO2
PIO2= inspired PO2
PACO2= alveolar PCO2=arterial PCO2
R=respiratory quotient (0.8)

32
Q

Avogadro’s number

A

6.022 x 10 ^23

occupies 22.4 L for every gas. All gasses have the same volume. Ex. two moles of N2O occupies 22.4 L x 2= 44.8 L

33
Q

Law of Laplace (cylindrically shaped structures)

A
  1. tension is generated by a structure (newton/cm)
  2. If the cylindrical structure expands (increase radius), the tension (force) in the wall (T) of the structure increases

ex: aortic aneurysm more likely to rupture than normal segment of aorta
small capillaries don’t burst with High BP but the large vessels will. The greater the filing of LV, the greater the tension in the ventricular wall. The greater then tension the greater the SV. Small diameter capillaries do not burst during the high BP and larger vessel may.

34
Q

Law of laplace for cylindrical shaper structures formula

A

T=P x r

35
Q

Law of laplace for spherically shaped structures formula

A

T= (P x r )/2

36
Q

Law of laplace for spherically shaped structures

A
  1. Tension is independent of radius of all spheres where there is liquid-air interface
  2. Because tension is independent of size, pressure inside the bubble will change with size
37
Q

Smaller Smaller alveoli have higher pressure and will empty into larger alveoli (like soap bubbles) leading to

A

atelectasis without surfactant

38
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion

A
  • directly proportional to pressure gradient, membrane area and has solubility
  • inversely proportional to membrane thickness and square root of molecular weight
  • P is the driving force for diffusion
39
Q

Flow is directly ____ to the ___ power of radius

A

proportional; 4th

40
Q

In polycythemia, viscosity _____ and flow ________

A

increases, decreases

41
Q

In anemia, viscosity _____ and flow ________

A

decreases, increases

42
Q

If someone has high BP,

A

they have to work x16 harder to keep the flow going.

43
Q

How do you apply Poiseuille’s law while transfusing packed RBCs?

A

lower gauge (Increased diameter), shorter length, pressure bag, dilution by adding normal saline (to decrease viscosity).

44
Q

Flow becomes turbulent if

A

-Velocity of flow is high
-Tube wall is rough (corrugated)
-Kinks, bends, narrowing or branches in the tube
-Fluid flow through orifice

45
Q

Increased resistance = for breathing

A

increased WOB

46
Q

Coanda application

A

-mucous plug in respiratory tree
-lift of airplane
-atherosclerotice plaque

47
Q

Flow is ______ proportional to r^4

A

directly

48
Q

Flow is ______ proportional to delta P

A

directly

49
Q

Flow is ______ proportional to viscosity

A

inversely

50
Q

Flow is ______ proportional to L (length)

A

inversely

51
Q

How much O2 is dissolved when PO2 is 100 mmHg?

A

100 X 0.003 = 0.3 mL/100 mL of blood

52
Q

How much O2 is dissolved when PO2 is 500 mmHg?

A

500 X 0.003 = 1.5 mL/ 100 mL of blood

53
Q

How much PaO2 when FiO2 is 40%

A

estimate
40 X 5 =200 mmHg

54
Q

How much CO2 is dissolved when PO2 is 50 mmHg?

A

50 X 0.067 = 3.35 mL/100 mL of blood

55
Q

CO2 is _____ solubility compared to O2

A

high

56
Q

Decompression sickness

A

think air embolism

57
Q

Partial pressure application. How is it calculated?

A

760 X partial pressure/vapor pressure/FiO2 =

58
Q

atelactasis in the patient with ARDS is explained by ______ law

A

Laplace

59
Q

Why can turning on the N2O cause an increase in volume in gas spaces in the body?

A

NO2 has low blood gas. equals high pressure in the alveoli. leads to quick induction

60
Q

Why CO2 diffuses 20 times faster across respiratory membrane then O2 ?

A
61
Q

Low blood:gas partition coefficient

A

-rapid rise of partial
pressure  rapid transfer of gas from lungs to blood and brain 
rapid onset and recovery ( Example nitrous oxide)
– N2O quickly leaves the blood and increase partial pressure in
alveoli

62
Q

High blood:gas partition coefficient

A

slow rise of partial
pressure  slow transfer of gas from lungs to blood and brain 
slow onset and recovery ( Example halothane)
– Once dissolve in blood , the anesthetic agent will exert NO partial
pressure.

63
Q

The most potent inhalational anesthetics have

A

low blood solubility
-high lipid solubility

64
Q

The least potent inhalational anesthetics have

A
  • high blood solubility
  • low lipid solubility

summer 24 (17 decks)

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