Chapters 9 and 10 Flashcards
When did Carolus Linnaeus do his work?
Mid 1700s
- What is the branch of biology dealing with the classification of organisms into groups is called?
Taxonomy
Which kingdom has heterotrophic members only with tissues and organs?
Animalia
Which kingdom include protozoans?
Protista
- Which kingdom contain organisms that have tissues and organs and carry on photosynthesis?
Plantae
Which kingdom contain molds?
Fungi
Which kingdom contains insects?
Animalia
Which kingdom contains trees and ferns?
Plantae
Small organisms that lack organized nuclei are placed by most modern classifications into which kingdom?
Eubacteria
- What criteria should be used in a biological key?
Accuracy of key, person, generality/typicalness of specimen
What must you do to classify an organism?
Identify characteristics physical characteristics and assign them to a particular group according to precedent. Assign to group
What are biological keys used for?
Classifying and identifying organisms
What is binomial nomenclature?
The two Latin names used to identify an organism, by Carolus Linneaus
What does the scientific name of an organism identify?
Its genus and species
- What’s the difference between a dog species and a dog variety?
Varieties are within a species, and are the different kinds within the species, species bigger, variety specific
How do you correctly write the genus-species name?
Uppercase genus lowercase species
As a general rule, what are the organisms called that are similar in structure, can mate, and can produce fertile offspring?
Same species
A dog that lives in the house all year has a thinner coat in the winter than a dog that lives outside. What is this an example of?
Adaptation
When do organisms migrate?
When they move
- How does an organism adapt to its environment?
Changes in behavior
Correctly use a biological key to identify organisms.
Ok
What is bacteria used to make commercially?
Insulin, pickes, cheese, leather, suarkraut
How do certain bacillus and spirillum bacteria move?
Flagellum
What is the thickened slime layer that some bacteria have called?
capsule
- Which cellular organelles are absent in bacteria?
Nucleus, mitochondria, all membrane bound organelles
What are mesosomes?
Indentation of bacterial membrane
How do most bacteria reproduce?
Cell division
When conditions are not right for growth, what might bacteria do?
Decrease in metabolic activity
When conditions become unfavorable for life, what do some bacteria form?
endospores
- Organisms that are capable of making their own food are known as what?
Autotrophic
Give examples of autotrophic bacteria.
Photosynthetic, chemosythetic
Organisms that depend upon living things for food are called what?
Heterotrophic
What is the heating process that kills bacteria in milk?
Pastuerization
Most food spoilage results from the action of what organisms?
Bacteria
- What is the natural genetic transfer in bacteria called?
Conjugation
Bacteria that use nonliving organic matter for food are called?
Saroprophytes
Bacteria that cannot exist as saprophytes are called what?
Oblitigate parasites
Microscopic cellular organisms that can live only inside a living cell are called what?
Intracellural, ricotejious
What are bacteria that grow best in oxygen but also grow without oxygen?
Facultative anaerobes
- What group of organisms have characteristics similar to bacteria called?
Micoplasm
What is essential for bacterial growth?
Moisture and pH, nutrition,temperature
Who developed the smallpox vaccine?
Edward Jenner
Which microorganisms are the smallest?
Viruses
What forms a simple virus?
Protein coat
- What do simple viruses contain?
Core of either DNA or RNA, and a protein covering called a capsid, nucleic acids
How do viruses reproduce?
By attaching to a cell, entering it, using the cells stuff to reproduce and multiply and then exiting the cell by destroying it and having it release many more
Viruses destroy the cell they invade in a cycle known as the what?
Lytic or lysogenic cycle
When a virus uses the chemical machinery of a cell, what does the virus act like?
Genes
Viruses that do not cause lysis but do cause the cell to make and release virus particles are called what?
Persistent infection virus
- Viruses which do not immediately kill a cell but do change the cell’s genetic make-up and alter the cell’s characteristics are called
Transforming viruses
What is the protein substance that defends cells of the host against viruses?
Interferon
What are the poisonous protein substances that diffuse out of living pathogenic bacteria called?
Exotoxins
What is the time between contacting a disease and the appearance of the first symptoms called?
Incubation period
The redness, rise in temperature, and pain caused by the toxins of a pathogen are known as what?
Inflammation
- Water contamination is a common means of spreading which diseases?
Intestinal infections
What is an immune carrier?
A seemingly healthy individual have the pathogens in them but are not affected by them but can spread them to others
What are the structural defenses against diseases?
Skin, mucous membranes, eyelids, tear glands
Name the cells that isolate pathogens and then engulf and digest them with enzymes.
Phagocytes
What are some types of disorders listed in the text?
Hemophilia, deficiency diseases, injuries
- What can cause cancer?
Carcinogenic chemicals, radiation, viruses
What can either cure or cause cancer?
Radiation
Can autotrophs be either photosynthetic or chemosynthetic?
True
What is transformation in bacteria?
A form of genetic transfer, living bacteria take other bacteria’s DNA that is free in the environment
What is blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)?
A photosythetic autotroph with chlorophyll A
- What are saprophytic bacteria?
Heterotrophic
What type of cell are bacteria?
Prokaryotic
Bacteria that carry on anaerobic respiration may produce what substances?
Methane, alcohol, lactic acid
What is the lymphatic system a part of in the body’s cellular defenses?
Non specific defense
What does pus contain?
Dead bacteria and white blood cells and remaining fluids
- Are antibiotics always effective against different bacteria?
No
What is a malignant tumor?
A tumor with rapid and chaotic growth
- Name in the correct order the 3 domains, the 6 kingdoms, and the 7 classification levels.
Domain- Archae, bacteria, eukaryia
Kingdom- Eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
