Chapters 3 and 4 Flashcards
What does the term diflagellate mean?
With two flagelatte
What is a mononucleocyte?
Cell with a single nucleus
Cork cells were first identified by who?
Robert Hooke
Elimination of insoluble, nondigested particles by a cell is referred to as
Egestion
The transport of dissolved substances into cells to be used by the cells is
Absorption
What is the cell theory?
The cell is the basic unit of all living things
Cells perform all the function of living things
New cells come from the reproduction of existing cells
Organisms that are made up of cells that can operate independently but that normally tend to group together are called
Colonial organisms
Several tissues grouped together and working as a unit form an
Organ
Describe a prokaryotic cell.
Bacteria, blue green algae, some similar organisms; lack membrane around nucleus area, contain only non membrane bound organelles
Describe a eukaryotic cell.
Membrane bound nucleus, both membrane bound and non membrane bound organelles in it, human, plant, animal, many others all eukaryotic cells
The changing of the sol and gel phase of the cytoplasmic matrix can result in organelle movement called
Cytoplasmic streaming
Organelles found in most plant cells but not in animal cells are
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts contain
A complex system of flattened sacs called thylakoids which are arranged into sacs called grana, which contain chlorophyll
Describe all the structures within an animal cell.
Picture in book
A cytoskeleton is made up of
Microscopic fibers, microtubules, which are straight and hollow tubes of proteins, and microfilaments, which are thinner, solid strands of protein
The process by which large molecules enter a cell through pouches in the cell membrane is
Pinocytosis
The cytoplasm’s long tubular extensions contain a set of microtubules and that are used in cellular movement are
Microfilaments
The diffusion of water into a cell by osmosis results in a build-up of
Turgor
Describe cell turgor pressure.
Kept crisp by central vacuole being filled with water and putting pressure on everything else
Contractile vacuoles would be of great importance to a what kind of unicellular organisms?
Ones that are underwater
The control center for most cell activity is the
Nucleus
A solution that has a greater concentration of water molecules than the cell is surrounds is
Hypertonic
Since diffusion is a purely physical process (it requires no cellular energy), it could be a form of
Passive transport
The use of cellular energy to change permeability of a membrane is called
Active transport
Cytology is the study of
Cells
Name all the structures in a typical animal cell.
A
Name all the structures in a typical plant cell.
A
Can energy be recycled?
Yes
The principle product of photosynthesis is
Oxygen
Give examples of autotrophic organisms.
Plants, algae
A nutritionally dependent organism is said to be
Heterotrophs
A nutritionally independent organism is
Autotrophs
Major by products of photosynthesis
Oxygen, stored chemical energy
A phosphorus-containing compound that stores energy is
ATP
Explain the relationship between chlorophyll a and the other types of chlorophyll,
Both catalysts, chlorophyll a just main
The man who discovered much of the information we know about photosynthesis is
Melvin Calvin
The most important function of chlorophyll is to
Act as a catalyst
The phase of photosynthesis that splits water molecules is the
Photolysis
The dark phase of photosynthesis takes place in the
Thylakoid
When living things obtain energy for life processes from inorganic materials they are participating in
chemosynthesis
A process that uses oxygen is
Aerobic
Cellular respiration refers to
Free breaking down of a food substance into usable cellular energy in the form of ATP
The centers of cellular respiration are
Cytoplasm, mitochondria, mitochondrial membrane
The breakdown of glucose by enzyme action without the presence of oxygen is
Fermentation
Give examples of anaerobic cellular respiration.
Fermentation,
The molecule that delivers amino acids to the ribosomes is
tRNA
Each messenger RNA codon codes for
DNA
The DNA code is carried from the nucleus to the ribosomes by
mRNA
The destructive or energy-releasing, phase of metabolism is
Catabolism
The process of a cell digesting a part of itself which is no longer useful is called
Autophagy
Intracellular digestion refers to
The materials from pinocytosis and phagocytosis that are broken down by enzymes
What are the primary colors that chlorophyll a absorbs?
Every color other than green
Is photosynthesis a dynamic equilibrium?
No
Is a redwood tree an example of an autotrophic organism?
Yes
Chlorophyll is a green pigment made up of only carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
No magnesium
What is the difference in energy released from aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic releases 10 times more energy than anaerobic
Are proteins used for growth and repair, not as energy sources?
No
Is digestion of food an example of catabolic metabolism?
Yes
Would building muscles be an example of catabolic metabolism?
No
Give examples of autotrophs.
Trees, plants, algae, some bacteria
The functioning of an organism is its metabolism.
True
What kind of organism obtains energy from light?
Autotrophs
Which organelles made of membranes contain chlorophyll?
Grana
Where does the entire process of photosynthesis take place?
Chlororplasts
Which organisms obtain energy from inorganic substances?
Autotrophs
Name the process in which food is broken down outside the cell.
Extracellular digestion
Describe intracellular digestion.
Digestion of food substances within the cell
