Chapters 8 And 9 Flashcards by brad dawson

Why are new cells needed

Growth and cellular and sexual reproduction

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Three steps to prokaryotic reproduction

Replication (DNA)
Elongation
Binary Fission (cell divides)

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Chromosomes are made up of

Chromatin

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What are chromatin

DNA wrapped protein bundles

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Coiled and folded chromatin is considered

Condensed

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Sections of DNA that are coded for one thing are called

Genes

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How many pairs of chromosomes do human cells have

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How many chromosomes do humans have

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Chromosome pairs are called

Homologous pairs

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After replication 2 chromatids link at

Centromere

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XY chromosome makes what gamete

Sperm

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XX chromosome makes which gamete

Egg cell

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Cell cycle in Eukaryotes has three stages

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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three phases of interphase

G1
S
G2

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G1 phase of interphase is

First Gap
90% of time is spend in this phase
Cell grows

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S phase of interphase is

Synthesis
Replication of DNA

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G2 phase of interphase

Second gap
Mitochondria replicate
Microtubules made
Chromosomes start condensing

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Division of genetic material is called

Mitosis

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4 phases of mitosis

Prophase preparation
Metaphase middle
Anaphase apart
Telophase tidy

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Nucleus disappears
Spindles appear
DNA finishes condensing

Prophase

What happens during prophase

Nucleolus disappears
Spindles appear
DNA finishes condensing

Chromosomes line up
Attach to spindles

Metaphase

What happens during metaphase

Chromosomes line up
Attach to spindles

Chromatids separate
Microtubules drag to poles

Anaphase

What happens during anaphase

Chromosome pairs separate Microtubules drag then to poles

Nucleus reforms Chromosomes uncoil

Telophase

What happens during telophase

Nucleus reforms Chromosomes uncoil

What happens during cytokinesis

Cell finish separating Cleavage furrow formed in animal Cell plate formed plant

3 checkpoints in cell cycle

Between G1 and S The S and G2 Then between metaphase and anaphase

Cancer is

Cell growth and division out of control

Proto-oncogenes

Promotes division

Tumor suppressor genes

Turn off cell division

Asexual reproduction

Organisms copy themselves Uses mitosis only

Sexual reproduction

Formation of new organism by combining DNA of 2 parents

Diploid cells have ____copies of every chromosome

Haploid cells have ____copies of every chromosome

Meiosis

Cell division to reduce amount of genetic material

Meiosis

Prophase 1

Nucleus disappears Chromosomes finish condensing Chromosomes pair up (synapsis) Crossing over occurs

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Spindles form Homologous pairs line up(random)

Spindles form Homologous pairs line up(random) Independent assortment

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Homologues pull apart

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Clustering at ends of cell

Prophase II

New spindles form

Metaphase II

Chromosomes line up in center

Anaphase II

Chromatids separate and pulled to poles