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Bio 100 > Chapters 8 And 9 > Flashcards

Chapters 8 And 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why are new cells needed

A

Growth and cellular and sexual reproduction

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2
Q

Three steps to prokaryotic reproduction

A

Replication (DNA)
Elongation
Binary Fission (cell divides)

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3
Q

Chromosomes are made up of

A

Chromatin

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4
Q

What are chromatin

A

DNA wrapped protein bundles

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5
Q

Coiled and folded chromatin is considered

A

Condensed

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6
Q

Sections of DNA that are coded for one thing are called

A

Genes

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7
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do human cells have

A

23

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8
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have

A

46

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9
Q

Chromosome pairs are called

A

Homologous pairs

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10
Q

After replication 2 chromatids link at

A

Centromere

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11
Q

XY chromosome makes what gamete

A

Sperm

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12
Q

XX chromosome makes which gamete

A

Egg cell

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13
Q

Cell cycle in Eukaryotes has three stages

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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14
Q

three phases of interphase

A

G1
S
G2

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15
Q

G1 phase of interphase is

A

First Gap
90% of time is spend in this phase
Cell grows

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16
Q

S phase of interphase is

A

Synthesis
Replication of DNA

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17
Q

G2 phase of interphase

A

Second gap
Mitochondria replicate
Microtubules made
Chromosomes start condensing

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18
Q

Division of genetic material is called

A

Mitosis

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19
Q

4 phases of mitosis

A

Prophase preparation
Metaphase middle
Anaphase apart
Telophase tidy

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20
Q

Nucleus disappears
Spindles appear
DNA finishes condensing

A

Prophase

21
Q

What happens during prophase

A

Nucleolus disappears
Spindles appear
DNA finishes condensing

22
Q

Chromosomes line up
Attach to spindles

A

Metaphase

23
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up
Attach to spindles

24
Q

Chromatids separate
Microtubules drag to poles

A

Anaphase

25
Q

What happens during anaphase

A

Chromosome pairs separate
Microtubules drag then to poles

26
Q

Nucleus reforms
Chromosomes uncoil

A

Telophase

27
Q

What happens during telophase

A

Nucleus reforms
Chromosomes uncoil

28
Q

What happens during cytokinesis

A

Cell finish separating
Cleavage furrow formed in animal
Cell plate formed plant

29
Q

3 checkpoints in cell cycle

A

Between G1 and S
The S and G2
Then between metaphase and anaphase

30
Q

Cancer is

A

Cell growth and division out of control

31
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Promotes division

32
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Turn off cell division

33
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Organisms copy themselves
Uses mitosis only

34
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Formation of new organism by combining DNA of 2 parents

35
Q

Diploid cells have ____copies of every chromosome

A

2

36
Q

Haploid cells have ____copies of every chromosome

A

1

37
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division to reduce amount of genetic material

38
Q

Cell division to reduce amount of genetic material

A

Meiosis

39
Q

Prophase 1

A

Nucleus disappears
Chromosomes finish condensing
Chromosomes pair up (synapsis)
Crossing over occurs

40
Q

Nucleus disappears
Chromosomes finish condensing
Chromosomes pair up (synapsis)
Crossing over occurs

A

Prophase I

41
Q

Metaphase I

A

Spindles form
Homologous pairs line up(random)

42
Q

Spindles form
Homologous pairs line up(random)
Independent assortment

A

Metaphase I

43
Q

Anaphase I

A

Homologues pull apart

44
Q

Homologues pull apart

A

Anaphase I

45
Q

Telophase I

A

Clustering at ends of cell

46
Q

Prophase II

A

New spindles form

47
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes line up in center

48
Q

Anaphase II

A

Chromatids separate and pulled to poles

Bio 100 (15 decks)

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