Chapter 18 Flashcards by brad dawson

5 Defining features of the Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular
Heterotrophic
No cell walls
Mobile
Cells organized into tissues

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Hierarchy of major changes over evolution time

Tissues
Bilateral symmetry
Body cavity
Segmentation
Growth by adding mass or molting
Protostomes/Deuterostome development

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Animals first arrived

565 million years ago

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Protist ancestor of animals

Choanoflagellates

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Sponges phylum

Porifera

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Stats of sponges

No real tissues
Sessile
Filter feeders
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Mostly marine
leave limestone deposits

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Medusas, hydra, corals, man’o’war phylum

Cnidaria

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Stats of Cnidaria

True tissues
radial symmetry
bags with tentacles
stinging cells nematocysts
Floating sessile forms
sexual and asexual reporduction
Digest prey in central cavity

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Corals deposits are made of what compound

calcium carbonate

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Flatworm, tapeworms and flukes phylum

Platyhelminthes

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Stats on Platyhelminthes

Bilateral symmetry
3 layers of cells in embryos
Endoderm (inner) leads to digestive tract
Mesoderm (middle) leads to muscles
Ectoderm (outer) leads to skin and nerves
Hermaphrodite sex
Can reproduce asexually if cut in half
Nervous system (brain-precursor)

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Body cavities

Acoelomate = Flatworms
Pseudocoelomate =Roundworms
Coelomate = Mollusks and onward

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No body cavity

Acoelomate

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Body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm

pseudocoelomate

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Body cavity with-in mesoderm

Coelomate

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Gastropods/Bivalves/Cephalopods phylum

Mollusca

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Stats on Mollusca

True body cavity (coelomates)
No Segmentation
Complex structures
Nervous system
Eye
Circulatory/Excretory/Respiratory systems
Shell secreted by the mantle
2nd largest phylum

Three parts of mullusks

Head/Foot/Mantle

Earthworms, Leeches, marine worms phylum

Annelida

Stats on Annelida

The earliest form of segmentation
Closed circulatory system
Nervous system
Including brain
Hermaphrodite sex
Molting

Insect,arachnids,crustaceans phylum

Arthropoda

Stats on Arthropoda

Largest phylum of animals 1 million species
Segmentation
Exoskeleton (chitin)
Jointed appendages
Sexual reproduction

Starfish, sea urchins, sand dollar, sea cucumbers phylum

Echinodermata

Stats on Echinodermata

Deuterostomes
Only marine species
Endoskeleton (from mesoderm)
Reproduction with separate sexes
asexual reproduction from regeneration
Nervous system
no brain
Water Vascular system
gas exchange
feeding
locomotion

Some non-vertebrates Vertebrates phylum

Chordata

Stats on Chordata

True endoskeleton Notochord flexible rod along back (cartilage-like) Nerve cord Pharyngeal pouches Postanal tail

Stats on Vertebrates

Backbone Distinct head

Stats on Fish

Gills Vertebral column Single-loop circulation 2 chamber heart Cold-blooded Must consume essential amino acids

3 major groups (types) of fish

Jawless Cartilaginous Bony fish

Stats jawless fish

No Jaw no paired fins

Stats Cartilaginous fish

Paired fins Scales cartilage bones Mostly predators Internal fertilization some live birth

Stats Bony fish

Largest group of vertebrates Most fish Ossified bones Swim bladder Lateral line system

Stats on Amphibia

1st land vertebrates cold-blooded Metamorphosis freshwater for young (exterior gills) Water or land for adults lungs skin respiration 3-chambered heart for skin and lung resp. limbs

When did amphibians transition to land

360 million years ago from lobe-fin fish

Stats on reptilia

aka Sauropsida Cold-blooded Scales Amniotic Egg 3-Chambered heart Lungs no skin breathing Sexual reproduction

When did reptiles arrive

315 million years ago

Stats on Aves

Feathers Flight (most birds) Bipedal Warm-blooded 4 chamber heart Hard shell amniotic eggs Beak Hollow bones

When did birds arrive

150-200 million years ago

Stats on Mammalia

Most Live birth Monotremes lay eggs Mammary Glands Hair Warm-blooded 4 chambered heart Middle ear 3 bones (reptile jaw bones)

Stats Hominids

bipedalism 6-7 million years ago Genus Homo 3-4 million years ago Human species Homo sapiens 250-400,000 Language developed 50,000 years ago Modern humans 40,000 years ago