Chapter 14 Flashcards
Variation
Wide variety in living organisms
Acclimation
Temporary physiological changes to acclimate to the environment
Adaptation
Lifelong permanent physiological characteristics
Mutation
Has to translate to gametes, it is a change of genetic coding (DNA)
Evolution
Change to genetic makeup of group over time. (Mutation, loss of alleles, gene variety.)
Main mechanism of change
Natural Selection
Who influenced Darwin
Malthus and Lyell
Darwin’s ship and job on board
beagle and naturalist
Who discovered evolution at the same time as darwin
Alfred Thomas 1858 joint papers
Darwin’s points on natural selection
Environment affects living organisms
Some survive and reproduce others aren’t as effective
Characteristics of breeders pass to next generation.
Darwin’s evidence
Finches developed different beaks depending on the types of seeds available
Natural selection
Organisms with favored traits survive and reproduce (who is passing on the most copies of their genes)
4 conditions necessary for natural selection
Variation in traits (gene pool)
Inherited traits (genetic)
Selective pressure
Reproductive sucess
How often can selection pressures change
Continuously year after year
4 main things used as evidence of evolution
Fossil record
Anatomy
Molecular record
Current experiments
DNA and RNA sequencing are what types of records
Molecular
Steps used to develop fossil records to track change
Carbon date
Place fossils in order of age
View change in fossils
Same developmental origins different functions across groups
Homologous structures
(Look different but have similar structural parts)
Different developmental origins but similar function
Analogous structures
Look the same but different structural make up
Parts or features left over from ancestors but no longer function
Vestigial organs
How do you check for genetic change in populations
Frequencies of alleles increasing or decreasing
No genetic change happening (allele ratios)
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Causes of evolution
Mutation
Migration
Non random mating
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Selection that favors one side of the curve
Directional
Selection that favors the middle of the curve
Stabilizing
Think birth weight of human babies
Selection that favors the outside edges over middle of the curve
Disruptive
Selection where humans drive what traits are favored
Artificial selection
Natural selection act differently on several populations enough change can occur that the group can no longer reproduce amongst the different groups
Speciation
A group of populations with individuals who can successfully mate and have viable and fertile offspring
Biological species
Examples of prezygotic isolation
Geographical isolation
Ecological isolation
Temporal isolation
Behavioral isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gametic isolation
Examples of postzygotic isolation
Hybrid inviability or infertility
