Chapter 16 Flashcards
Estimated age of planet
4.5 Billon years
Estimated life began
3.5-3.8 billon years
Which macro molecules came first
RNA then DNA and enzymes
Conditions/environments for first cell
Bubbles/water U/V protection
Thermal vents
Ice caps
Estimated arrival of prokaryotes
3.5 billion years
What allows bacteria to share traits transfer DNA
Conjugation
Basic structure of prokaryotes
Single cells
Single circle of DNS (no nucleus)
Simple shapes (rod, sphere coiled)
What form does DNA transfer during conjugation
Plasmid
Two domains of Prokaryotes
Bacteria
Archea
Two examples of metabolic abilities only prokaryotes possess
anaerobic photosynthesis
nitrogen fixation
How to tell bacteria from archea
Ribosomes are different (RNA sequences)
Cell wall is peptidoglycan
flagella are different
Create Biofilms for protection
Three examples of types of Bacteria
Purple bacteria
cyanobacteria
disease-causing bacteria
Three characteristics of Purple bacteria
Can be purple, red, brown, orange
Live where no oxygen (sulfur hot springs, anoxic -lake zones)
Use hydrogen and sulfur during photosynthesis not water to make oxygen
characteristics of Cyanobacteria
Do normal photosynthesis
go back 3 billion years
responsible for the majority of oxygen in the atmosphere
do Nitrogen fixation
found in soil water snow.
Diseases caused by Disease Causing bacteria
Syphilis
Listeria
Tetanus
Staphylococcus
Anthrax
Cholera
Gonorrhea
If it’s a prokaryote that causes disease it is a bacteria
How does antibiotic resistance occur
Mutation
Natural Selection
Conjugation
People friendly importance of bacteria
Digestion
Bioremediation
Biological pest control
Food fermentation
Make organic chemicals
How to tell archea from bacteria
Cell walls are protein or polysaccharides
Ribosomal RNA sequences are different
Flagella are different
Use a variety of energy sources (sugars, ——ammonia, hydrogen and metal ions)
Found in extreme habitats
Types of Archea
Methanogens (make methane)
Extremophiles
-Thermophiles
-Halophile (salt)
-pH-tolerant (Acidophiles, Alkalinophiles)
Pressure-tolerant 300-800 atmospheres
Snotties
Volcanic-cave dwellers
Sulfur-based metabolism
Acidophiles
Halophiles
Require 15-20% salinity
e.g. Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea
Thermophiles
Hotsprings 60-100 C
Methanogens
Symbiosis (animal guts)
Wetlands
Ocean sediments
Acidophiles
pH near 0 (stronger than battery acid
Viruses
Not alive
Parasitic chemicals
(RNA in a Protein coat)
some have bilipid envelope
How do viruses spread
insert genetic material into a living cell
the cell stops reproducing cell parts and makes more viruses.
Bacteria viruses
Bacteriphages
Two ways animal viruses enter cells
Cell marker recognition
merging membranes endosymbiosis
When did eukaryotes arrive
1.8-2.1 billion years ago
What three things happened to allow eukaryotes to form
Endosymbiosis
Increased size
folding of membranes
Four kingdoms of Eukarya
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Anamalia
Ecological, Economical and Evolutional importance of Protists
Ecologically decomposers and food source in the food chain
Economically pests, diseases, food, and industrial uses
Evolutionarily tracing ancestry of other kingdoms
3 major clusters of protista for bio 100
Photosynthetic
sessile and non-photosynthetic
motile and non-photosynthetic
Diatoms
silica based shells
sexual and asexual reproduction
store energy in chrysolaminarin
photosynthesis
Ocean food chain, pH indicators, Diatomaceous earth
Red Algae
Multicellular
Photosynthetic
Store energy as Floridean starch
tropical (warm saltwater)
Food, industrial gels, oldest P/s, help build coral
Green algae
Cellulose walls
store energy as starch
photosynthetic
freshwater, oceans, soil, rocks
single and multicellular
Ancestor of modern plants
role in fresh water ecosystem
Ciliates
Single-cell
Cillia “hairs”
Filter feeders
water and soil
sewage treatment
Amoebozoa
Amoeboid movement (pseudopods
most lack flagella
granular endoplasm clear ectoplasm
feed by endocytosis
Parasits of humans
aqutic systems
sewage treatment
Apicomplexa
entirely parasitic
non motile
spore forming
disease causing
animal parasites
water molds
Related to algae
filaments like fungi
cellulose walls
spores with 2 dissimilar flagella
decomposers
fish parasites
plant diseases
Fungi
Multi cellular
sessile
chitin wall
non motile sperm
Heterotrophs
external digestion
Clusters of filament->Hyphae->Mycelium
Chytridiomycota
flagellated gametes
predominately aquatic (fresh and salt)
550-650 million years ago
aquatic decomposers
frog disease
Zygomycota
Zygosporangium reproduction (resistant sphere)
sexual and asexual reproduction
no septa (walls) within hyphae
Decomposers
many kinds of molds
insect diseases
Ascomycota
Reproduce with Ascocarp
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Dikaryon -2 nuclei
DNA sequencing for asexual
Largest group of fungi
medicines
Human and plant diseases.
examples of ascomycota
penicillium
-antibiotic
-Beer
morels
truffles
dutch elm disease
athletes foot
lichens
yeast
Basidiomycota
reproduce with basidiocarp
complicated life cycle with multiple spore stages
Asexual reproduction is uncommon
Dikaryon 2 nuclei
edible mushrooms
plant diseases
examples of basidiomycota
edible mushrooms
wheat rust
corn smut
birds nest fungi
puffballs
bracket fungi
