Chapter 16 Flashcards by brad dawson

Estimated age of planet

4.5 Billon years

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Estimated life began

3.5-3.8 billon years

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which macro molecules came first

RNA then DNA and enzymes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Conditions/environments for first cell

Bubbles/water U/V protection
Thermal vents
Ice caps

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Estimated arrival of prokaryotes

3.5 billion years

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What allows bacteria to share traits transfer DNA

Conjugation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Basic structure of prokaryotes

Single cells
Single circle of DNS (no nucleus)
Simple shapes (rod, sphere coiled)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What form does DNA transfer during conjugation

Plasmid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Two domains of Prokaryotes

Bacteria
Archea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Two examples of metabolic abilities only prokaryotes possess

anaerobic photosynthesis
nitrogen fixation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How to tell bacteria from archea

Ribosomes are different (RNA sequences)
Cell wall is peptidoglycan
flagella are different
Create Biofilms for protection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Three examples of types of Bacteria

Purple bacteria
cyanobacteria
disease-causing bacteria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Three characteristics of Purple bacteria

Can be purple, red, brown, orange
Live where no oxygen (sulfur hot springs, anoxic -lake zones)
Use hydrogen and sulfur during photosynthesis not water to make oxygen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

characteristics of Cyanobacteria

Do normal photosynthesis
go back 3 billion years
responsible for the majority of oxygen in the atmosphere
do Nitrogen fixation
found in soil water snow.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Diseases caused by Disease Causing bacteria

Syphilis
Listeria
Tetanus
Staphylococcus
Anthrax
Cholera
Gonorrhea
If it’s a prokaryote that causes disease it is a bacteria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does antibiotic resistance occur

Mutation
Natural Selection
Conjugation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

People friendly importance of bacteria

Digestion
Bioremediation
Biological pest control
Food fermentation
Make organic chemicals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How to tell archea from bacteria

Cell walls are protein or polysaccharides
Ribosomal RNA sequences are different
Flagella are different
Use a variety of energy sources (sugars, ——ammonia, hydrogen and metal ions)
Found in extreme habitats

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Types of Archea

Methanogens (make methane)
Extremophiles
-Thermophiles
-Halophile (salt)
-pH-tolerant (Acidophiles, Alkalinophiles)
Pressure-tolerant 300-800 atmospheres

Snotties

Volcanic-cave dwellers
Sulfur-based metabolism
Acidophiles

Halophiles

Require 15-20% salinity
e.g. Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea

Thermophiles

Hotsprings 60-100 C

Methanogens

Symbiosis (animal guts)
Wetlands
Ocean sediments

Acidophiles

pH near 0 (stronger than battery acid

Viruses

Not alive Parasitic chemicals (RNA in a Protein coat) some have bilipid envelope

How do viruses spread

insert genetic material into a living cell the cell stops reproducing cell parts and makes more viruses.

Bacteria viruses

Bacteriphages

Two ways animal viruses enter cells

Cell marker recognition merging membranes endosymbiosis

When did eukaryotes arrive

1.8-2.1 billion years ago

What three things happened to allow eukaryotes to form

Endosymbiosis Increased size folding of membranes

Four kingdoms of Eukarya

Protista Plantae Fungi Anamalia

Ecological, Economical and Evolutional importance of Protists

Ecologically decomposers and food source in the food chain Economically pests, diseases, food, and industrial uses Evolutionarily tracing ancestry of other kingdoms

3 major clusters of protista for bio 100

Photosynthetic sessile and non-photosynthetic motile and non-photosynthetic

Diatoms

silica based shells sexual and asexual reproduction store energy in chrysolaminarin photosynthesis Ocean food chain, pH indicators, Diatomaceous earth

Red Algae

Multicellular Photosynthetic Store energy as Floridean starch tropical (warm saltwater) Food, industrial gels, oldest P/s, help build coral

Green algae

Cellulose walls store energy as starch photosynthetic freshwater, oceans, soil, rocks single and multicellular Ancestor of modern plants role in fresh water ecosystem

Ciliates

Single-cell Cillia "hairs" Filter feeders water and soil sewage treatment

Amoebozoa

Amoeboid movement (pseudopods most lack flagella granular endoplasm clear ectoplasm feed by endocytosis Parasits of humans aqutic systems sewage treatment

Apicomplexa

entirely parasitic non motile spore forming disease causing animal parasites

water molds

Related to algae filaments like fungi cellulose walls spores with 2 dissimilar flagella decomposers fish parasites plant diseases

Fungi

Multi cellular sessile chitin wall non motile sperm Heterotrophs external digestion Clusters of filament->Hyphae->Mycelium

Chytridiomycota

flagellated gametes predominately aquatic (fresh and salt) 550-650 million years ago aquatic decomposers frog disease

Zygomycota

Zygosporangium reproduction (resistant sphere) sexual and asexual reproduction no septa (walls) within hyphae Decomposers many kinds of molds insect diseases

Ascomycota

Reproduce with Ascocarp Sexual and asexual reproduction Dikaryon -2 nuclei DNA sequencing for asexual Largest group of fungi medicines Human and plant diseases.

examples of ascomycota

penicillium -antibiotic -Beer morels truffles dutch elm disease athletes foot lichens yeast

Basidiomycota

reproduce with basidiocarp complicated life cycle with multiple spore stages Asexual reproduction is uncommon Dikaryon 2 nuclei edible mushrooms plant diseases

examples of basidiomycota

edible mushrooms wheat rust corn smut birds nest fungi puffballs bracket fungi