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Anatomy > Chapters 6-9 > Flashcards

Chapters 6-9 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Which tissues are present in bone?
A

all but muscle tissue

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2
Q
  1. What are the components of the skeletal system?
A

bones and ligaments and tendons associated with bones

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3
Q
  1. What are the functions the skeleton?
A

all but initiate movement

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4
Q
  1. What is the relationship between the skeletal system and the blood?
A

the bones make red bloods cels and some bones house hemopoietic tissue that makes blood cells

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5
Q
  1. What is found at the ends of long bones?
A

articular cartiliage and epiphyses

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6
Q
  1. Which membrane lines the medullary cavity of a long bone?
A

endosteum

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7
Q
  1. What is true concerning bone histology?
A

the connective tissue matrix of bone is only about 50% crystallized mineral salts

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8
Q
  1. Which cells would be expected to be most active in replacing bone matrix lost due to an injury?
A

osteoblasts

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9
Q
  1. Describe compact bone.
A

is arranged in units called osteons (haversian systems)

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10
Q
  1. What is found within compact bone?
A

all but trabeculae

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11
Q
  1. Which structures allow communication between blood vessels and nerves in the periosteum and endosteum?
A

Central canals

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12
Q
  1. How are the alignment of osteons in compact bone arranged?
A

is along lines of physical stress on a long bone

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13
Q
  1. Describe spongy bone.
A

houses red bone marrow

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14
Q
  1. What is true of bone scans?
A

bone scans are the standard medical imaging technique for measuring bone density

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15
Q
  1. Which blood vessels are associated with a hole in the shaft of a long bone?
A

Dyephseal arteries and veins

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16
Q
  1. What is the relationship of nerves and bones?
A

nerves follow the blood vessels that supply the bones

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17
Q
  1. Explain bone formation .
A

requires replacement of pre-existing connective tissue

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18
Q
  1. What forms intramembranous ossification?
A

mandible, flat plates of the skull, bone that replaces soft spots on an infant skull

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19
Q
  1. What happens to the bone matrix during intramembranous ossification?
A

trabeulae develop and fuse to form spongy bone

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20
Q
  1. Compare intramembranous ossification to endochondral ossification.
A

endochondral ossification allows both interstitial and appostitional growth

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21
Q
  1. What is the name of the processes that causes bone to increase in size?
A

Increases in diameter by Appositional growth

Increases in Length by interstitial growth

22
Q
  1. What is the epiphyseal plate? (what does it consist of)
A

consists of 4 zones of chondrocytes

23
Q
  1. What is the zone of hypertrophic cartilage?
A

is filled with large chondrocytes that are accumulating glycogen

24
Q
  1. Which event must occur first in appositional growth of bone?
A

differentiaton of periosteal cells into osteoblasts

25
Q
  1. What is required for proper bone growth?
A

vitamins A, B12, C, D, K;
Minerals Ca, P;
Hormones IGF’s, Thyroid Hormones, Growth Hormones, Insulin

26
Q
  1. Which hormone is specifically responsible for terminating growth at the epiphyseal plate in both men and women as they end adolescence?
A

estrogen

27
Q
  1. Explain bone remodeling?
A

it requires the activity of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

28
Q
  1. Explain the breakdown of bone matrix ?
A

bone resorption

29
Q
  1. The pediatrician tells the parents that their child has a greenstick fracture. In layman’s terms, what is a greenstick fracture?
A

a partial break that results in one side of the bone bending

30
Q
  1. What are the events of fracture repair in the order in which they occur?
A

fracture hematoma forms, fibrocartilaginous callus forms, bony callus forms, bone remodeling

31
Q
  1. Why is the regulation of Ca2+ so critical to homeostasis?
A

Ca2+ is important for proper neuron function and is important in cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction

32
Q
  1. Which hormone is most important in regulating the movement of Ca2+ between the blood and the bones?
A

parathyroid horomone

33
Q
  1. How does PTH elevate blood Ca2+ levels?
A

by increasing the number and activiy of osteoclasts

34
Q
  1. What happens when calcitonin levels rise?
A

osteoclast activity is inhibited

35
Q
  1. What happens in the aging process of bones?
A

all but; increased calcitonin levels are largely responsible for loss of bone density with age

36
Q
  1. Why are bones important?
A

they protect soft tissues of the body and serves as anatomical landmarks

37
Q
  1. What makes up the musculoskeletal system?
A

bones, joints, skeletal muscles

38
Q
  1. How man bones are found in the adult skeleton?
A

206 named bones

39
Q
  1. Which bone type is typically found in ligaments or tendons?
A

sesamoid

40
Q
  1. Why are adult long bones usually slightly curved?
A

because curves allow mechanical stress to be evenly distributed

41
Q
  1. What causes bone surface markings?
A

develop in response to stressses placed on bones

42
Q
  1. A point of contact between two bones, bone and cartilage, or bone and teeth is called a(n)
A

joint, articulation, and arthrosis

43
Q
  1. Structural classification of a joint is based on
A

Amount of space between the bones and the presence or absence of synovial cavity, type of connective tissue that links the bones together

44
Q
  1. A student examining a joint observes collagen-rich connective tissue fibers linking the bones, but finds no synovial cavity. Which structural classification fits the observed joint?
A

fibrous

45
Q
  1. What are examples of a synarthrosis?
A

sutures of the skull

46
Q
  1. Explain sutures .
A

Interlocking edges that reduce the likelihood of a fracture

47
Q
  1. What are true of all synovial joints?
A

are diarthrosis

48
Q
  1. What is synovial fluid?
A

lubricateds diarthrotic joints, helps absorb mechanical shocks, brings nutrients and O2 to cartiliage in diarthrosis, removes wastes and CO2 from cartilage in diarthrosis

49
Q
  1. Some synovial joints are strengthened by joints that lie outside the articular capsule or outside of folds of synovial membranes. Such ligaments are called
A

extracapsular

50
Q
  1. What are menisci?
A

helps bones fit together more closely

Anatomy (15 decks)

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