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Chapters 1-2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the study of anatomy?

A

The structure of the body and its relation of its parts to each other

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1
Q

What is the study of physiology

A

Science that deals With the function of an organism or its parts

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2
Q

What is the relationship between structure and function

A

The structure of a part of a body often reflects its functions

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3
Q

What is a histologist?

A

A person who studies the microscopic study of the structure of tissues

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4
Q

What are the levels of the organization of the human body

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

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5
Q

What is a cell

A

The basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

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6
Q

What is an organ

A

Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues

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7
Q

What is metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

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8
Q

What regulates body homeostasis

A

The nervous system and the endocrine system

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9
Q

What is thermogenesis

A

A processwhen muscle tissue contracts and produces heat.

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10
Q

Assessment of body structure and function by touching body surfaces with the hand.

A

Palpation

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A 
Metabolism 
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation 
Reproduction
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13
Q

What is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

A

Metabolism

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14
Q

what is involved in the differentiation of embryonic mesenchymal cells in forming the skeleton?

A

Differentiation

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15
Q

what is involved in post morterm examination or autipsy

A

can uncover existence of diseases, extent of injuries, and how a person may have died

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16
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the condition of (equilibrium) balance in the body’s internal environment due to the constant infraction of the body’s many regulatory processes

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17
Q

whats considered to be the body’s “internal environment” when discussing homeostasis?

A

interstitial fluid

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18
Q

what makes up extra cellular fluid?

A

fluid outside body cells

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19
Q

what makes up a feedback system?

A

status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated and so on

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20
Q

if a response enhances the original stimulus, the system is classified as a what kind of feedback system?

A

positive

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21
Q

what conditions will make it difficult to maintain homeostasis?

A

extreme stress
overexposure to temperature extremes
severe infection
major surgery

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22
Q

what are the sign of infection?

A

swelling or rash, fever, high blood pressure, paralysis

-enlargement of the liver

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23
Q

what are some of the typical symptoms of disease

A

headache nausea anxiety

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24
Q

what would be an example of a local disease

A

sinus infection

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25
diagnosis of a disease usually involves what?
patients symptoms or signs, medical history, physical exam, lab tests
26
what is the correct anatomical position
``` erect, head level eyes face forward upper limbs at sides palms face forward feet flat on floor ```
27
axillary refers to what>
armpit
28
popliteal refers to what?
hollow behind knee
29
``` cephalic refers to what? head neck back of lower leg chest spinal column ??? ```
head
30
a plane or section that divides an organ such that you could view an inferior surface of the section of that organ would be a
transverse plane
31
a mid saggital plan divides the body into
equal left and right sides
32
define inferior
away from the head or toward the lower part of the structure
33
define superior
toward the head or upper part of a structure
34
what is the relationship between the right plantar region and the right femoral region?
the right plantar region is distal to the right femoral region
35
what is the relationship between the spine and the lungs
spine is lateral to lungs
36
which structures are superior and lateral to the oral region, posterior, inferior and lateral to the ocular regions and posterior and lateral to the nasal region
Ears
37
what is found in the ventral cavity
the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
38
what is located in the pelvic cavity
``` bladder prostate ovaries testes cervix penis colon anus ```
39
what does the cranial cavity contain?
``` brain pineal and hypophysis cerebri, parts of the cranial and spinal nerves blood vessels meninges cerebrospinal fluid ```
40
what lines the abdominal cavity
serous membrane
41
what is located in the mediastinum
``` heart aorta thymus gland chest portion of trachea esophagus lymph nodes ``` Not: lungs
42
what produces a sonogram
high frequency waves are produced
43
which medical imaging techniques would be best to use in assessing the rapid growth of a child
ultrasound
44
what makes up a sensory nerve ending
Receptor
45
what is the primary function of the brain or spinal cord?
tell the body what to do? unknown
46
what is an effector?
an organ or cell that acts in response to stimulus
47
what are the carpals
bones found in the hand
48
the front of the elbow is called what
antebutial
49
what does the term manual refer to?
unkown
50
ocular refers to what?
the eye
51
the four elements that make up 96% of the body's mass are represented by what symbols
O oxygen C carbon H hydrogen N nitrogen
52
Which elements have ionic forms critical to muscle contraction and action potential generation?
calcium potassium sodium
53
The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties and characteristics of an element is the:
atom
54
Which subatomic particles carry a negative charge?
electrons
55
55. An atom of one element is distinguished from an atom of another element by the number of:
electrons
56
What are isotopes?
Atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers
57
A physician suspects a patient may have a thyroid tumor. Which radioisotopes will help the physician confirm the initial diagnosis?
I-131
58
What is an ion and why?
An Atom that has a positive or negative charge, because it has unequal numbers of protons and electrons
59
What is true of the chemical formula, H2O2?
It has a oxygen-oxygen single covalent bond Four atoms sharing electrons
60
What is a compound?
A substance that containers atoms of two or more different elements
61
Do atoms tend to react so that they acquire eight electrons in their outermost shell?
yes
62
What are ionic compounds?
A compound held together by electrical attraction
63
What kind of chemical bond is found between two oxygen atoms?
double nonpolar covalent
64
What compounds are polar covalent?
H20
65
Explain hydrogen bonds.
When a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms
66
What must happen in order for a chemical reaction to take place?
The bonds between atoms break
67
The sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body is called
Metabolism
68
How does potential and kinetic energy operate in chemical reactions?
Potential energy is the energy that is stored and when a chemical reaction takes place the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy
69
Explain glycolysis.
The breakdown of glucose by enzymes Ex.. process
70
The kinetic energy needed to break the chemical bonds in reactant molecules is called
activation energy
71
What influences the rate of a chemical reaction?
when new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms
72
The function of a catalyst is to:
to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed
73
How does a catalyst function?
it lowers the amount of energy needed to start the reaction
74
What are examples of anabolic reactions in the body?
muscle development and bone growth
75
The body converts starch to glucose, which is then ultimately to converted to CO2, H2O, and energy. These conversions are
Catabolic and ex.
76
Give examples of an exchange reaction?
AB+CD=AD+BC
77
What are inorganic molecules?
they only have a few atoms and cannot be used by cells to perform complicated biological functions
78
CO2 and HCO3- are considered inorganic compounds even though they each contain a carbon atom. Based on this observation, how could the definition of an inorganic compound best be modified?
They contain no chains
79
The most abundant and important inorganic compound found in living systems is
water
80
Hydrophilic solutes are those that:
are charged or contain polar covalent bonds which means they dissolve easily in water
81
Why is water so critical to the body?
its polarity makes it an excellent solvent | gives water molecules cohesion and allows water to resist temp changes
82
What is an acid?
a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions
83
What is a salt?
when dissolved in water dissociates into cations and anions
84
What body fluids are alkaline, and which are acidic?
acidic: vaginal fluid, saliva alkaline: blood, urine, semen, cerebral spinal fluid, pancreatic juice, bile
85
What does pH measure?
the acidity or alkalinity of a certain object or fluid | 7.39
86
What are buffers?
chemical compounds that can convert strong acids into weak acids by removing or adding protons
87
A common buffer found in extracellular fluid is
bicarbonate ion
88
Specific arrangements of atoms that cause organic molecules to have particular chemical properties are called
functional groups
89
What is the difference between organic and inorganic substances?
inorganic usually lack carbon and organic always contain carbon
90
What are carbohydrates?
source of chemical energy in the form of ATP, sugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose
91
91. An example of a polysaccharide stored in humans is
glycogen
92
92. What is true of lipids?
do not have 2:1 ratio of hydogen; proportion of electronegative oxygen atoms is smaller; fewer covalent bonds; hydrophobic -do not dissolve freely in blood
93
Glycerol is the backbone molecule for:
triglyceride
94
A fatty acid with only single covalent bonds is said to be:
saturated fat
95
Enzymes and antibodies are examples of
proteins
96
In proteins, the folding of the unit on itself is referred to its
Tertiary structure
97
What are enzymes?
catalysts of specific reactions within the body
98
What doe nucleotides contain?
DNA
99
What is found in RNA?
instructions from genes to guide each cells synthesis of proteins and amino acids
100
What is true of DNA?
Heredity Purines Dioxiribonucleic acid Piromendines

Anatomy (15 decks)

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