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Anatomy > Chapters 1-2 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the study of anatomy?

A

The structure of the body and its relation of its parts to each other

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1
Q

What is the study of physiology

A

Science that deals With the function of an organism or its parts

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2
Q

What is the relationship between structure and function

A

The structure of a part of a body often reflects its functions

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3
Q

What is a histologist?

A

A person who studies the microscopic study of the structure of tissues

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4
Q

What are the levels of the organization of the human body

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

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5
Q

What is a cell

A

The basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

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6
Q

What is an organ

A

Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues

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7
Q

What is metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

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8
Q

What regulates body homeostasis

A

The nervous system and the endocrine system

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9
Q

What is thermogenesis

A

A processwhen muscle tissue contracts and produces heat.

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10
Q

Assessment of body structure and function by touching body surfaces with the hand.

A

Palpation

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A 
Metabolism 
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation 
Reproduction
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13
Q

What is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

A

Metabolism

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14
Q

what is involved in the differentiation of embryonic mesenchymal cells in forming the skeleton?

A

Differentiation

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15
Q

what is involved in post morterm examination or autipsy

A

can uncover existence of diseases, extent of injuries, and how a person may have died

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16
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the condition of (equilibrium) balance in the body’s internal environment due to the constant infraction of the body’s many regulatory processes

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17
Q

whats considered to be the body’s “internal environment” when discussing homeostasis?

A

interstitial fluid

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18
Q

what makes up extra cellular fluid?

A

fluid outside body cells

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19
Q

what makes up a feedback system?

A

status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated and so on

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20
Q

if a response enhances the original stimulus, the system is classified as a what kind of feedback system?

A

positive

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21
Q

what conditions will make it difficult to maintain homeostasis?

A

extreme stress
overexposure to temperature extremes
severe infection
major surgery

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22
Q

what are the sign of infection?

A

swelling or rash, fever, high blood pressure, paralysis

-enlargement of the liver

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23
Q

what are some of the typical symptoms of disease

A

headache nausea anxiety

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24
Q

what would be an example of a local disease

A

sinus infection

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25
Q

diagnosis of a disease usually involves what?

A

patients symptoms or signs, medical history, physical exam, lab tests

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26
Q

what is the correct anatomical position

A 
erect, 
head level
eyes face forward
upper limbs at sides 
palms face forward
feet flat on floor
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27
Q

axillary refers to what>

A

armpit

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28
Q

popliteal refers to what?

A

hollow behind knee

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29
Q 
cephalic refers to what?
head
neck
back of lower leg
chest 
spinal column
???
A

head

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30
Q

a plane or section that divides an organ such that you could view an inferior surface of the section of that organ would be a

A

transverse plane

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31
Q

a mid saggital plan divides the body into

A

equal left and right sides

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32
Q

define inferior

A

away from the head or toward the lower part of the structure

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33
Q

define superior

A

toward the head or upper part of a structure

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34
Q

what is the relationship between the right plantar region and the right femoral region?

A

the right plantar region is distal to the right femoral region

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35
Q

what is the relationship between the spine and the lungs

A

spine is lateral to lungs

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36
Q

which structures are superior and lateral to the oral region, posterior, inferior and lateral to the ocular regions and posterior and lateral to the nasal region

A

Ears

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37
Q

what is found in the ventral cavity

A

the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

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38
Q

what is located in the pelvic cavity

A 
bladder
prostate
ovaries
testes
cervix
penis
colon
anus
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39
Q

what does the cranial cavity contain?

A 
brain
pineal and hypophysis cerebri,
parts of the cranial and spinal nerves
blood vessels
meninges
cerebrospinal fluid
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40
Q

what lines the abdominal cavity

A

serous membrane

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41
Q

what is located in the mediastinum

A 
heart
aorta
thymus gland
chest portion of trachea
esophagus
lymph nodes

Not: lungs

42
Q

what produces a sonogram

A

high frequency waves are produced

43
Q

which medical imaging techniques would be best to use in assessing the rapid growth of a child

A

ultrasound

44
Q

what makes up a sensory nerve ending

A

Receptor

45
Q

what is the primary function of the brain or spinal cord?

A

tell the body what to do? unknown

46
Q

what is an effector?

A

an organ or cell that acts in response to stimulus

47
Q

what are the carpals

A

bones found in the hand

48
Q

the front of the elbow is called what

A

antebutial

49
Q

what does the term manual refer to?

A

unkown

50
Q

ocular refers to what?

A

the eye

51
Q

the four elements that make up 96% of the body’s mass are represented by what symbols

A

O oxygen
C carbon
H hydrogen
N nitrogen

52
Q

Which elements have ionic forms critical to muscle contraction and action potential generation?

A

calcium potassium sodium

53
Q

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties and characteristics of an element is the:

A

atom

54
Q

Which subatomic particles carry a negative charge?

A

electrons

55
Q
  1. An atom of one element is distinguished from an atom of another element by the number of:
A

electrons

56
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers

57
Q

A physician suspects a patient may have a thyroid tumor. Which radioisotopes will help the physician confirm the initial diagnosis?

A

I-131

58
Q

What is an ion and why?

A

An Atom that has a positive or negative charge, because it has unequal numbers of protons and electrons

59
Q

What is true of the chemical formula, H2O2?

A

It has a oxygen-oxygen single covalent bond

Four atoms sharing electrons

60
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance that containers atoms of two or more different elements

61
Q

Do atoms tend to react so that they acquire eight electrons in their outermost shell?

A

yes

62
Q

What are ionic compounds?

A

A compound held together by electrical attraction

63
Q

What kind of chemical bond is found between two oxygen atoms?

A

double nonpolar covalent

64
Q

What compounds are polar covalent?

A

H20

65
Q

Explain hydrogen bonds.

A

When a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms

66
Q

What must happen in order for a chemical reaction to take place?

A

The bonds between atoms break

67
Q

The sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body is called

A

Metabolism

68
Q

How does potential and kinetic energy operate in chemical reactions?

A

Potential energy is the energy that is stored and when a chemical reaction takes place the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy

69
Q

Explain glycolysis.

A

The breakdown of glucose by enzymes

Ex.. process

70
Q

The kinetic energy needed to break the chemical bonds in reactant molecules is called

A

activation energy

71
Q

What influences the rate of a chemical reaction?

A

when new bonds form or old bonds break between atoms

72
Q

The function of a catalyst is to:

A

to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed

73
Q

How does a catalyst function?

A

it lowers the amount of energy needed to start the reaction

74
Q

What are examples of anabolic reactions in the body?

A

muscle development and bone growth

75
Q

The body converts starch to glucose, which is then ultimately to converted to CO2, H2O, and energy. These

conversions are

A

Catabolic and ex.

76
Q

Give examples of an exchange reaction?

A

AB+CD=AD+BC

77
Q

What are inorganic molecules?

A

they only have a few atoms and cannot be used by cells to perform complicated biological functions

78
Q

CO2 and HCO3- are considered inorganic compounds even though they each contain a carbon atom. Based on this

observation, how could the definition of an inorganic compound best be modified?

A

They contain no chains

79
Q

The most abundant and important inorganic compound found in living systems is

A

water

80
Q

Hydrophilic solutes are those that:

A

are charged or contain polar covalent bonds which means they dissolve easily in water

81
Q

Why is water so critical to the body?

A

its polarity makes it an excellent solvent

gives water molecules cohesion and allows water to resist temp changes

82
Q

What is an acid?

A

a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions

83
Q

What is a salt?

A

when dissolved in water dissociates into cations and anions

84
Q

What body fluids are alkaline, and which are acidic?

A

acidic: vaginal fluid, saliva
alkaline: blood, urine, semen, cerebral spinal fluid, pancreatic juice, bile

85
Q

What does pH measure?

A

the acidity or alkalinity of a certain object or fluid

7.39

86
Q

What are buffers?

A

chemical compounds that can convert strong acids into weak acids by removing or adding protons

87
Q

A common buffer found in extracellular fluid is

A

bicarbonate ion

88
Q

Specific arrangements of atoms that cause organic molecules to have particular chemical properties are called

A

functional groups

89
Q

What is the difference between organic and inorganic substances?

A

inorganic usually lack carbon and organic always contain carbon

90
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

source of chemical energy in the form of ATP, sugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose

91
Q
  1. An example of a polysaccharide stored in humans is
A

glycogen

92
Q
  1. What is true of lipids?
A

do not have 2:1 ratio of hydogen; proportion of electronegative oxygen atoms is smaller; fewer covalent bonds; hydrophobic

-do not dissolve freely in blood

93
Q

Glycerol is the backbone molecule for:

A

triglyceride

94
Q

A fatty acid with only single covalent bonds is said to be:

A

saturated fat

95
Q

Enzymes and antibodies are examples of

A

proteins

96
Q

In proteins, the folding of the unit on itself is referred to its

A

Tertiary structure

97
Q

What are enzymes?

A

catalysts of specific reactions within the body

98
Q

What doe nucleotides contain?

A

DNA

99
Q

What is found in RNA?

A

instructions from genes to guide each cells synthesis of proteins and amino acids

100
Q

What is true of DNA?

A

Heredity
Purines
Dioxiribonucleic acid
Piromendines

Anatomy (15 decks)

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