Chapters 10-11

Question 1

1) How does muscle tissue contribute to homeostasis?

Answer 1

By generating heat that helps maintain body temperature, by moving materials through the body, by pulling on bones to move the body.

Question 2

2) What is the primary function of muscle?

Answer 2

Conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy

Question 3

3) Describe skeletal muscle.

Answer 3

Is striated, largely under voluntary control

Question 4

Describe cardiac muscle .

Answer 4

Is striated

Question 5

5) Describe smooth muscle.

Answer 5

Regulated by the autonomic division of the nervous system

Question 6

6) List the functions of muscle tissue.

Answer 6

Controlling flow of materials out of the stomach and urinary bladder

Question 7

7) Name the ability to respond to stimuli by producing action potentials.

Answer 7

Called electrical excitability, property of muscular tissue

Question 8

The ability of a muscle tissue to stretch without being damaged is called what?

Answer 8

Extensibility

Question 9

9) What is a muscle fiber (myofiber)?

Answer 9

A cell

Question 10

10) What is the function of superficial fascia?

Answer 10

Provides a route for lymphatic and blood vessels as well as nerves to enter muscles

Question 11

11) What is the function of deep fascia?

Answer 11

Holds muscles with similar functions together

Question 12

12) The outermost extension of deep connective tissue that surrounds a muscle is the

Answer 12

Epimysium

Question 13

13) A skeletal myofiber comes from what embryonic cells?

Answer 13

Derived from embryonic cells called my oblasts

Question 14

14) An adult has more muscle mass than a child. How did that increase in muscle mass occur?

Answer 14

Hyper trophy

Question 15

15) What are transverse tubules and how do they function?

Answer 15

Actually tiny pockets of plasma membrane that extend into the muscle cell, filled with interstitial fluid

Question 16

16) What is unque about the sarcoplasm?

Answer 16

Enriched with glycogen

Question 17

17) What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle tissue store?

Answer 17

Calcium ions required for muscle contraction

Question 18

18) What is muscular atrophy?

Answer 18

Decrease In muscle mass due to loss of myofibrils

Question 19

19) What are myofibrils made up of?

Answer 19

Contractile proteins, actin, myosin

Question 20

20) Describe thick filaments.

Answer 20

Composed primarily of myosin

Question 21

21) Describe thin filaments.

Answer 21

Composed of actin, troponin and tropomyosin

Question 22

22) What happens during a muscle contraction?

Answer 22

NOT: the thick and thin filaments shorten

Question 23

23) Explain the contraction cycle.

Answer 23

Cannot begin until calcium has bound to troponin, cannot begi until the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed

Question 24

24) Place the events of a contraction cycle in the order in which they occur.

Answer 24

ATP hydrolysis, cross bridge formation, power stroke, detachment of myosin head from actin

Question 25

25) What is repetition of the contraction cycle?

Answer 25

Requires the presence of an adequate number of calcium ions

Question 26

26) How is excitation of the sarcolemma coupled to the contraction of a muscle fiber?

Answer 26

Excitation continues into the t-tubules causing calcium release channels to open, thus starting a contraction cycle

Question 27

27) What makes up a neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

Answer 27

Synapse of a motor neuron with a muscle fiber

Question 28

28) What acts on the NMJ to block stimulation of muscle contraction?

Answer 28

Botulinum toxin, curare

Question 29

29) How do muscle fibers produce ATP?

Answer 29

From creatine phosphate, through anaerobic cellular respiration, through aerobic cellular respiration.

Question 30

How is creatine phosphate produced?

Answer 30

Production requires the activity of creatine kinase

Question 31

31) Explain anaerobic cellular respiration.

Answer 31

Converts glucose to pyruvic *** and ultimately to lactic acid! can produce energy for 30-40 seconds of contraction

Question 32

Explain aerobic cellular respiration.

Answer 32

converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into CO2, H20, heat and ATP, occurs in the mitochondria, requires O2, which can be obtained from hemoglobin or myoglobin, is required for muscle activities lasting longer than one minute

Question 33

what contributes to muscle fatigue

Answer 33

NOT: presence of adequate amounts of O2 in the mitochondria

Question 34

34) What is oxygen debt (recovery oxygen uptake)?

Answer 34

the amount of O2 required by the body to recuperate from excercise

Question 35

35) What is muscle tone?

Answer 35

results from involuntary contractions of alternating small groups of motor units

Question 36

36) What are isotonic contractions?

Answer 36

used to move objects or to move the body

Question 37

37) What are slow oxidative muscle fibers?

Answer 37

resist fatigue and contain large amounts of myoglobin

Question 38

38) Describe cardiac muscle tissue?

Answer 38

autorythmic, contains branched cells that are connected by intercalated discs, contains Ca2+ required for *** contracted from the sacroplasmic reticulum and the interstitial fluid, maintains contractions for longer periods of time than skeletal muscle tissue

Question 39

39) Describe smooth muscle tissue?

Answer 39

may be stimulated to contract by hormones, uses calmodulin** to remove calcium from the cytoplasm

Question 40

40) What is true of muscle tissue regeneration?

Answer 40

NOT: skeletal muscle tissue retains its mitotic ability and ability to regenerate throughout life

Question 41

41) What effects the aging of muscular tissue?

Answer 41

NOT: exercise has little effort on delaying or reversing age related loss of skeletal muscle function

Question 42

42) How muscles move bones?

Answer 42

muscles pull on bones; they do not push bones, the end of the muscle attached to the bone that moves least is the origin of that muscle, the end of the muscle attached to the bone that moves most is the insertion of the muscle

Question 43

43) How is the origin and insertion of a muscle determined?

Answer 43

the origin of a muscle on a limb is usually proximal to its insertion

Question 44

What is a lever?

Answer 44

a rigid structure that moves about a fixed point, provides mechanical advantage when a small amount of effort can move a large load

Question 45

45) Describe a first class lever.

Answer 45

extends a bowed head

Question 46

46) Describe a third class lever.

Answer 46

most common lever system in the human body

Question 47

47) Where are intramuscular injections usually given?

Answer 47

vastus lateralis of a child

Question 48

48) What is a prime mover (agonist)?

Answer 48

the muscle most responsible for a particular action

Question 49

49) What is RICE therapy?

Answer 49

Rest Ice Compression Elevate

Question 50

50) Describe the compartment syndrome.

Answer 50

all are correct