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Anatomy > Chapters 3-4 > Flashcards

Chapters 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the barrier between a cell and its environment?

A

plasma membrane

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2
Q

how are phospholipid molecules arranged within the lipid bylayer of the plasma membrane

A

hydrophillic heads face outwards

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3
Q

the reason the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane is assymetric is that

A

glycolipids appear only in the layer that faces the extracellullar fluid

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4
Q

describe the various plasma membrane proteins

integral proteins?

A

extend into or through the lipid bilayer around the fatty acid tails and are firmly embedded in it

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5
Q

describe the various plasma membrane proteins

transmembrane proteins?

A

span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid

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6
Q

describe the various plasma membrane proteins

peripheral proteins

A

not as firmly embedded into the membrane, attached to the polar heads of the membrane lipids or into integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membranes

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7
Q

describe the various plasma membrane proteins

glycoproteins

A

proteins with carbohydrate groups attached at the ends that protrude into the extracellullar fluid

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8
Q

what are the functions of plamsa membrane proteins?

A

form ion channels, carrers, receptors, enzymes, linkers,

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9
Q

what is unique about the plasma membrane?

A

semi permeable

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10
Q

an electrochemical gradient requires a difference in the

A

combined influence of concentration gradiene and charge distrbutions

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11
Q

mechanisms that allow movement of materials acros a plasma membrane include

A

kinetic, transporter proteins, vesicle

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12
Q

the cell does not need to expend energy in order to perform what?

A

simple diffusion

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13
Q

what are aquaporins?

A

integral membrane proteins that function as water channels

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14
Q

osmmosis is considered a special case of diffusion because

A

water moves down its own gradient

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15
Q

red blood cell membranes are not normally permeable to NaCi and maintain an intracelllullar concentration of 0.9%. if these cells are placed in a solution containting 9% NaCI what would happen?

A

crenation

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16
Q

what is it called when solutes move down a concentration gradient

A

facilitated diffusion

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17
Q

what d endocytosis exocytosis and transcytosis have in common

A

all forms of active transport and they all use vesicles

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18
Q

intracellullar structures which have specific shapes and functions are called

A

organelles

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19
Q

cytoskeleton does what

A

maintain shape of cell and organize intracellullar contents 18-19

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20
Q

the subunits of a ribosome are produced in the

A

nucleolus (RNA)

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21
Q

secretory proteins and membrane molecules are synthesized mainly by the

A

Rough ER

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22
Q

which cell organelle is the site of fatty acid, phospholipid, and steroid synthesis?

A

smooth ER

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23
Q

the golgi complex is most extensive in cells that

A

secrete protein into extracellular fluid

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24
Q

recycling of worn out organelles is accomplished it autophagy which is carried out by the

A

lysosomes

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25
toxic hydrogen peroxide resulting from oxidation reactions is broken down by an enzyme in peroxisomes called
catalase
26
the organnelles that contain many kinds of proteases and are responsible for destruction of the unnecessary proteins are the
perixisomes
27
powerhouses of the cell, most important site of ATP production is found in
mitochondria
28
cyanide and azide block the reactions of cellular respiration. which organelle do they target?
mitochondria
29
17. most microfiliments are composed of
protein actin
30
the complex of DNA that are associated with protein and some RNA is called
chromatid
31
the genetic information is coded in DNA by
sequence of nucleotides
32
the RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the factory site for protein formation is
transfer RNA
33
the process of transcripption involves production of
DNA template
34
list the phases of the cell cycle in the correct sequence
G1 to S phase to G2 to Mitosis to cytokensis
35
the end result of mitosis in productions is
two identical cells
36
what is cytokensis
division of cytoplasm and organnelles into 2 identical cells, happens before anaphase
37
what do tumor supressor genes normally inhibit
cell division
38
what forms the bilayer that seperates cell from environment?
phospholipid
39
what acts as gates, allowing ions to cross the plasma membrane
integral proteins
40
whatcontains all cell contents betwen plasma membrane and nucleus
cytoplasm
41
what transportation mechanism allows ingestion of solid particles by white blood cells
phagoctosis
42
what is involved in active transport?
moves ions against concentration gradient
43
what mechanism allows polar covalent compounds to move down their concentration gradients and cross the plasma membrane
facillitated diffusion
44
what organelles are involved in synthesis, proccessing and packaging of proteins
ribosomes, RER golgi complex
45
what organelles contain enzymes that break down molecules
lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteasomes
46
what structure moves materials past cells or move cells
cilia and flagella
47
what is the triplet in DNA coding?
a sequence of three nucleotides
48
what is involved in the translation of DNA
translation, uses RNA and ribosomes to assemble proteins
49
what is involved in transcription
RNA
50
what can result from uncontrolled cell division
cancer
51
What are the four basic (primary) types of tissues
Epithelial,connective,muscular,nervousl
52
Which tissue forms coverings, linings, and glands
Epithelial
53
Which of the primary tissue types detects and responds to changes in the environment in order to maintain homeostasis?
Nervous
54
Which are the first tissues that form in the human embryo?
Primary germ layers>endoderm,mesoderm,ectoderm,
55
What is unique about cell junctions?
?
56
The type of cell junction that prevents the contents of the stomach or urinary bladder from leaking into surrounding tissues is the:
NOT some cell junctions fuse inner surfaces of plasma membranes
57
Which cell junctions prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension?
Adherens
58
Which cell junctions links cells to each other?
Tight,adherens,desmosomes,and gap junctions; not hemioesmosomes
59
A pathologist examines a thin slice of tissue with a microscope and notes numerous cells packed tightly together. No intercellular space or blood vessel is noted between cells, but the cells have polarity. One side of the cells opens into a cavity, and the other is attached to a thin layer of extracellular material. Several of the cells are in some stage of mitosis. Which primary tissue type does the pathologist see?
Epithelial tissue
60
Epithelial tissues are classified based on
Arrangement of cells into layers and cell shapes | Answer is NOT epithelial (on test)
61
The function of the basement membrane is to:
.provide point of attachment and support for overlaying epithelial tissue; attaches epithelial tissue to connective tissue
62
What is the modification to columnar epithelium that increases surface area?
Micro villia and cilia
63
Keratin is seen in tissues that
Resist friction ( simple colmumnar epitheilal) answer on test
64
What is a Papanicolaou smear?
Collection and microscopic examination of epithelial cells scraped off apical layer of tissue
65
What is the primary function of glandular epithelia?
Secretion
66
What composes connective tissues?
Cells and extracellular matrix ( protein fibers and ground fibers)
67
What kind of tissue classification includes immature–blast cells that retain their mitotic ability?
Connective tissue
68
What is a matrix?
.material located between secreted by connective tissue cells: composed of protein fibers and ground fibers
69
Why does hyaluronidase enhance the diffusion of injected drugs?
Lowers viscosity of the matrix of areolar connective tissue
70
What is the role of connective tissue ground substance?
Supports cells, binds them together, stores water, provides a medium thru which substances are exchanged between blood and cells
71
What do connective tissue fibers do?
Strengthen support stretch
72
The connective tissue widely distributed in the embryo but scarcely remaining in adult is
Embryonic connective cell
73
Which connective tissue combines with adipose tissue to form the subcutaneous layer that attaches the skin to underlying structures?
Hyaline cartilage
74
Which connective tissue stores triglycerides and provides cushioning and support for organs?
Adipocytes
75
Tendons and ligaments must withstand tension along the axis of their fibers. These structures are composed of
Dense regular connective tissue (areoler)
76
What is cartilage composed of?
Collagen fibers
77
The connective tissue that stores Ca2+ and supports the body is
Bone tissue
78
The connective tissue that has a liquid matrix is
Blood tissue
79
Flat sheets of flexible tissue found covering or lining large portions of the body
Epithelial tissue
80
What membranes are classified as an epithelial membrane?
Mucous membranes, simple squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium,nonciliated simple columnar epithelium, ciliated simple columnar epithelium, pseudo stratified epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium,stratified cuboidal epithelium, stratified columnar epi, transitional epithelium
81
Which type of membrane is found lining any body cavity that opens directly to the exterior?
Glandular epithelium
82
The space between the parietal and visceral layers of a membrane that lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the environment normally contains:
Mesothelium (NOT synovial)
83
What makes up muscle tissue ?
Muscle fibers or myocites
84
What is skeletal muscle tissue composed of?
Long, cylindrical, striated fibers, varying in length
85
What is the primary function of cardiac muscle?
Pump blood to all parts of the bod
86
Where is smooth muscle tissue found?
Iris, walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels,airways to lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder,urinary bladder,and uterus
87
How are the types of muscle tissue alike?
All use ATP to generate force
88
What does nervous tissue consist of?
Neurons and neuralgia (NOT between ribs)
89
Some cells have the ability to respond to stimuli by generating signals such as action potentials. These cells are
(both striated and involuntary)
90
The process that replaces damaged or dead cells is
Tissue regeneration
91
Which cells are used in completely repairing a damaged tissue’s structure and function?
excitable cells, muscle fibers, neurons
92
What factors will positively impact tissue repair?
Nutrition and blood circulation
93
What occurs as tissues age
It gets thinner and weaker (parenchymel cells)
94
What is true concerning disorders of epithelial tissues?
Mainly affects specific individual organs.
95
What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
Autoimmune disease in the connective tissue that affects mostly non white women in childbearing age
96
What are a group of cells with common origin, similar structure and specific function called?
Tissue
97
What forms glands, coverings and linings; high degree of cellularityand is avascular
Epithelial tissue | inflamatory disease of connective tissue
98
Compare the function and structures of the muscle tissues.
Muscle
99
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Anatomy (15 decks)

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