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Anatomy > Chapters 3-4 > Flashcards

Chapters 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the barrier between a cell and its environment?

A

plasma membrane

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2
Q

how are phospholipid molecules arranged within the lipid bylayer of the plasma membrane

A

hydrophillic heads face outwards

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3
Q

the reason the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane is assymetric is that

A

glycolipids appear only in the layer that faces the extracellullar fluid

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4
Q

describe the various plasma membrane proteins

integral proteins?

A

extend into or through the lipid bilayer around the fatty acid tails and are firmly embedded in it

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5
Q

describe the various plasma membrane proteins

transmembrane proteins?

A

span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid

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6
Q

describe the various plasma membrane proteins

peripheral proteins

A

not as firmly embedded into the membrane, attached to the polar heads of the membrane lipids or into integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membranes

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7
Q

describe the various plasma membrane proteins

glycoproteins

A

proteins with carbohydrate groups attached at the ends that protrude into the extracellullar fluid

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8
Q

what are the functions of plamsa membrane proteins?

A

form ion channels, carrers, receptors, enzymes, linkers,

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9
Q

what is unique about the plasma membrane?

A

semi permeable

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10
Q

an electrochemical gradient requires a difference in the

A

combined influence of concentration gradiene and charge distrbutions

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11
Q

mechanisms that allow movement of materials acros a plasma membrane include

A

kinetic, transporter proteins, vesicle

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12
Q

the cell does not need to expend energy in order to perform what?

A

simple diffusion

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13
Q

what are aquaporins?

A

integral membrane proteins that function as water channels

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14
Q

osmmosis is considered a special case of diffusion because

A

water moves down its own gradient

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15
Q

red blood cell membranes are not normally permeable to NaCi and maintain an intracelllullar concentration of 0.9%. if these cells are placed in a solution containting 9% NaCI what would happen?

A

crenation

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16
Q

what is it called when solutes move down a concentration gradient

A

facilitated diffusion

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17
Q

what d endocytosis exocytosis and transcytosis have in common

A

all forms of active transport and they all use vesicles

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18
Q

intracellullar structures which have specific shapes and functions are called

A

organelles

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19
Q

cytoskeleton does what

A

maintain shape of cell and organize intracellullar contents 18-19

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20
Q

the subunits of a ribosome are produced in the

A

nucleolus (RNA)

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21
Q

secretory proteins and membrane molecules are synthesized mainly by the

A

Rough ER

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22
Q

which cell organelle is the site of fatty acid, phospholipid, and steroid synthesis?

A

smooth ER

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23
Q

the golgi complex is most extensive in cells that

A

secrete protein into extracellular fluid

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24
Q

recycling of worn out organelles is accomplished it autophagy which is carried out by the

A

lysosomes

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25
Q

toxic hydrogen peroxide resulting from oxidation reactions is broken down by an enzyme in peroxisomes called

A

catalase

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26
Q

the organnelles that contain many kinds of proteases and are responsible for destruction of the unnecessary proteins are the

A

perixisomes

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27
Q

powerhouses of the cell, most important site of ATP production is found in

A

mitochondria

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28
Q

cyanide and azide block the reactions of cellular respiration. which organelle do they target?

A

mitochondria

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29
Q
  1. most microfiliments are composed of
A

protein actin

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30
Q

the complex of DNA that are associated with protein and some RNA is called

A

chromatid

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31
Q

the genetic information is coded in DNA by

A

sequence of nucleotides

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32
Q

the RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the factory site for protein formation is

A

transfer RNA

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33
Q

the process of transcripption involves production of

A

DNA template

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34
Q

list the phases of the cell cycle in the correct sequence

A

G1 to S phase to G2 to Mitosis to cytokensis

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35
Q

the end result of mitosis in productions is

A

two identical cells

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36
Q

what is cytokensis

A

division of cytoplasm and organnelles into 2 identical cells, happens before anaphase

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37
Q

what do tumor supressor genes normally inhibit

A

cell division

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38
Q

what forms the bilayer that seperates cell from environment?

A

phospholipid

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39
Q

what acts as gates, allowing ions to cross the plasma membrane

A

integral proteins

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40
Q

whatcontains all cell contents betwen plasma membrane and nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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41
Q

what transportation mechanism allows ingestion of solid particles by white blood cells

A

phagoctosis

42
Q

what is involved in active transport?

A

moves ions against concentration gradient

43
Q

what mechanism allows polar covalent compounds to move down their concentration gradients and cross the plasma membrane

A

facillitated diffusion

44
Q

what organelles are involved in synthesis, proccessing and packaging of proteins

A

ribosomes, RER golgi complex

45
Q

what organelles contain enzymes that break down molecules

A

lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteasomes

46
Q

what structure moves materials past cells or move cells

A

cilia and flagella

47
Q

what is the triplet in DNA coding?

A

a sequence of three nucleotides

48
Q

what is involved in the translation of DNA

A

translation, uses RNA and ribosomes to assemble proteins

49
Q

what is involved in transcription

A

RNA

50
Q

what can result from uncontrolled cell division

A

cancer

51
Q

What are the four basic (primary) types of tissues

A

Epithelial,connective,muscular,nervousl

52
Q

Which tissue forms coverings, linings, and glands

A

Epithelial

53
Q

Which of the primary tissue types detects and responds to changes in the environment in order to
maintain homeostasis?

A

Nervous

54
Q

Which are the first tissues that form in the human embryo?

A

Primary germ layers>endoderm,mesoderm,ectoderm,

55
Q

What is unique about cell junctions?

A

?

56
Q

The type of cell junction that prevents the contents of the stomach or urinary bladder from leaking into
surrounding tissues is the:

A

NOT some cell junctions fuse inner surfaces of plasma membranes

57
Q

Which cell junctions prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension?

A

Adherens

58
Q

Which cell junctions links cells to each other?

A

Tight,adherens,desmosomes,and gap junctions; not hemioesmosomes

59
Q

A pathologist examines a thin slice of tissue with a microscope and notes numerous cells packed tightly
together. No intercellular space or blood vessel is noted between cells, but the cells have polarity. One side of the cells opens into a cavity, and the other is attached to a thin layer of extracellular material. Several of the cells are in some stage of mitosis. Which primary tissue type does the pathologist see?

A

Epithelial tissue

60
Q

Epithelial tissues are classified based on

A

Arrangement of cells into layers and cell shapes

Answer is NOT epithelial (on test)

61
Q

The function of the basement membrane is to:

A

.provide point of attachment and support for overlaying epithelial tissue; attaches epithelial tissue to connective tissue

62
Q

What is the modification to columnar epithelium that increases surface area?

A

Micro villia and cilia

63
Q

Keratin is seen in tissues that

A

Resist friction ( simple colmumnar epitheilal) answer on test

64
Q

What is a Papanicolaou smear?

A

Collection and microscopic examination of epithelial cells scraped off apical layer of tissue

65
Q

What is the primary function of glandular epithelia?

A

Secretion

66
Q

What composes connective tissues?

A

Cells and extracellular matrix ( protein fibers and ground fibers)

67
Q

What kind of tissue classification includes immature–blast cells that retain their mitotic ability?

A

Connective tissue

68
Q

What is a matrix?

A

.material located between secreted by connective tissue cells: composed of protein fibers and ground fibers

69
Q

Why does hyaluronidase enhance the diffusion of injected drugs?

A

Lowers viscosity of the matrix of areolar connective tissue

70
Q

What is the role of connective tissue ground substance?

A

Supports cells, binds them together, stores water, provides a medium thru which substances are exchanged between blood and cells

71
Q

What do connective tissue fibers do?

A

Strengthen support stretch

72
Q

The connective tissue widely distributed in the embryo but scarcely remaining in adult is

A

Embryonic connective cell

73
Q

Which connective tissue combines with adipose tissue to form the subcutaneous layer that attaches the
skin to underlying structures?

A

Hyaline cartilage

74
Q

Which connective tissue stores triglycerides and provides cushioning and support for organs?

A

Adipocytes

75
Q

Tendons and ligaments must withstand tension along the axis of their fibers. These structures are
composed of

A

Dense regular connective tissue (areoler)

76
Q

What is cartilage composed of?

A

Collagen fibers

77
Q

The connective tissue that stores Ca2+ and supports the body is

A

Bone tissue

78
Q

The connective tissue that has a liquid matrix is

A

Blood tissue

79
Q

Flat sheets of flexible tissue found covering or lining large portions of the body

A

Epithelial tissue

80
Q

What membranes are classified as an epithelial membrane?

A

Mucous membranes, simple squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium,nonciliated simple columnar epithelium, ciliated simple columnar epithelium, pseudo stratified epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium,stratified cuboidal epithelium, stratified columnar epi, transitional epithelium

81
Q

Which type of membrane is found lining any body cavity that opens directly to the exterior?

A

Glandular epithelium

82
Q

The space between the parietal and visceral layers of a membrane that lines a body cavity that does not
open directly to the environment normally contains:

A

Mesothelium (NOT synovial)

83
Q

What makes up muscle tissue ?

A

Muscle fibers or myocites

84
Q

What is skeletal muscle tissue composed of?

A

Long, cylindrical, striated fibers, varying in length

85
Q

What is the primary function of cardiac muscle?

A

Pump blood to all parts of the bod

86
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue found?

A

Iris, walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels,airways to lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder,urinary bladder,and uterus

87
Q

How are the types of muscle tissue alike?

A

All use ATP to generate force

88
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of?

A

Neurons and neuralgia (NOT between ribs)

89
Q

Some cells have the ability to respond to stimuli by generating signals such as action potentials. These cells are

A

(both striated and involuntary)

90
Q

The process that replaces damaged or dead cells is

A

Tissue regeneration

91
Q

Which cells are used in completely repairing a damaged tissue’s structure and function?

A

excitable cells, muscle fibers, neurons

92
Q

What factors will positively impact tissue repair?

A

Nutrition and blood circulation

93
Q

What occurs as tissues age

A

It gets thinner and weaker (parenchymel cells)

94
Q

What is true concerning disorders of epithelial tissues?

A

Mainly affects specific individual organs.

95
Q

What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

A

Autoimmune disease in the connective tissue that affects mostly non white women in childbearing age

96
Q

What are a group of cells with common origin, similar structure and specific function called?

A

Tissue

97
Q

What forms glands, coverings and linings; high degree of cellularityand is avascular

A

Epithelial tissue

inflamatory disease of connective tissue

98
Q

Compare the function and structures of the muscle tissues.

A

Muscle

99
Q

missing flashcard

A

missing answer

100
Q

missing fflashcard

A

missing answer

Anatomy (15 decks)

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