Chapters 6-7 test Flashcards
Why was France a latecomer to conquer land in the new world?
(1500’s) France is convulsed in internal war between Roman Catholics and Protestant Huguenots
Edict of Nantes
(1598) the Catholic Crown offers limited toleration to French Protestants.
France’s main and first settlement in North America was what?
Quebec
Samuel de Champlain
Leading french North American who was a soldier and explorer. Became known as “Father of New France”
Quebec French became friendly allies to what Native Tribe?
the Huron Indians
New France (Canada) had what type of government?
Autocratic
Coreurs de bois
French fur trappers who helped french exploration in North America
Voyageurs
french explorers who recruited Natives to the fur trade.
Who besides fur trappers played a large role in French-North-American exploration?
Catholic Missionaries
Who founded Detroit?
Antoine Cadillac
What was the main purpose for the French establishing Louisiana?
To block off the Spanish from the rest of the Gulf of Mexico
King William’s War and Queen Annes War
France and Spain vs. British colonies, wars for land and power in the New World.
Peace Treaty at Utrecht gave Britain what French Territories
Acadia (Nova Scotia)
New Foundland
Hudson Bay
Britain gained limited trading rights with what country from the Utrecht Peace Treaty
Spain
What was the purpose of the War of Jenkin’s Ear?
Robert Jenkins had his ear cut off, and
Spain was smuggling around Britains trading rights
Where did the War of Jenkin’s Ear take place?
Georgia and the Carribean
King George’s War
English successfully invade New France fortress of Louisbourg.
Why were the british colonists mad about the peace treaty of 1748 with France
It handed Louisbourg back to the French
Which river was the main area of contention between the French and British
The Ohio
Who did the governor of Virginia send to fight the French, in order to secure Virginian land claims?
Washington
Which ethnic group was displace to the south by the British in order to prevent an uprising during British-French conflicts
French Acadians
The French and Indian War, and the Seven Year’s War were caused by what?
territorial tensions in North America between the British and French along the Ohio River Valley
Where was the French and Indian War fought?
North America
Where was the Seven Years War fought?
America, Europe, The West Indies, the Philippines, Africa, and the ocean
What were the sides to the Seven Year War?
Britain, Prussia, vs. France, Spain, Austria, Russia
Who won the Seven Year War?
Britain and Prussia
What was the purpose of the Albany Conference?
To unify the colonies, and to appease the Natives.
Who tried to capture Fort Dusquesne in 1755
General Braddock
Who defeated Braddock at Fort Dusquesne?
The Iroquois
What did the easy victory at Fort Dusquesne encourage the Indians to do?
Kill/scalp many colonial towns, Indians revolted
Why did Britain’s initial invasion of Canada fail?
They tried to attack multiple small locations simultaneously, spread themselves to thin.
Who was William Pitt?
British Military strategist who was admired by “the common folk”
What Fort did Pitt siege in 1758?
Louisbourg
Why was the Battle of Quebec significant?
French power in North America was completely erased, and made Britain the dominant power.
Why did British soldier dislike the colonists?
They were immature in battle, and had no restraint. And would illegally sell food to enemy France and Spain
Why were the colonies disunified?
Differences in religion, income, and geography
Why did chief Pontiac start his Native-American uprising?
He sensed that his people were in a powerless position
What was the purpose of the Proclamation of 1763?
To prevent another Native American uprising
What did the Proclamation of 1763 do?
Prevented the colonists from settling west of the Appalachians
why did Britain heavily tax the colonists?
Had to pay for war debts and the price of a ver large empire
What was republicanism?
Form of government in which people were governed by their consent, and sacrificed their selfish interests to the good of the people.
Who were the radical Whigs?
group of political commentators that said the monarch and autocratic government of Britain was a threat to liberty
Why did the colonies feel not very close to the Motherland?
Distance from England promoted a separate way of life in the colonies
What was mercantilism?
Policy around the basis that a country’s success is based upon the amount of gold and silver in its treasury
What were the Navigation Laws?
Mercantilist policies that made all American exports stop in a British port before being shipped to another country.
Why was America facing a currency crisis?
Would buy more products from Britain than sell, and were forced to pay in gold or silver. America did not produce its own gold or silver, had a shortage on hard currency
What did the currency crisis cause Americans to do?
create their own paper money
Why was smuggling very prevalent in the colonies?
British had many restrictive trade laws, but they were loosely enforced
Why was a close relationship with Britain valuable to the colonies?
Provided a market for tobacco and ship parts. Britain provided military
Why was Prime Minister George Grenville disliked by the colonists?
He enforced the Navigation Laws, passed the Sugar Act, and the Quartering Act
What was the Stamp Tax
Each time a stamp was used in the colonies, colonists were taxed.
Why did Parliament think that the taxes and acts were fair?
All Britons already paid the same taxes, and Britain was providing military services.
What were admiralty courts?
Jury-less court which tried defendants by evidence and the admirals/ / judges who ran the court.
Why did colonists wants to be represented in Parliament?
Wanted to be represented for taxing
What was the Stamp Act Congress?
Assembly of 27 delegates from 9 colonies, wanted to send Parliament a formal repeal of the Stamp Act
What was achieved at the Stamp Act Congress?
Letter to Parliament wasn’t effective, the Congress did bring a sense of unity to the colonies.
What were nonimportation agreements?
America made more home goods and bought less from Britain
Who were the Sons and Daughters of Liberty?
Group of seperatists who punished people who did not follow nonimportation agreements
What did American boycotts of British goods do to England?
Put many English manufacturers and laborers out of business
What act was created with the repeal of the Stamp Act?
The Declaratory Act
What did the Declaratory Act do?
gave Britain complete sovereignty and power over the colonies
What were the Townshend acts?
light, indirect import duties on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea
What did all the new acts promote?
smuggling
Why did Britain put two troops of soldiers in Boston?
The presence of law breaking and disobedience
Why did the British Troops shoot the colonists in the Boston “Massacre”?
Colonists were taunting and provoking the troops
Why were the Townshend acts repealed?
colonists refusal of the law made the acts produce little revenue
Who swayed the public opinion toward opposing Britain?
Samuel Adams
What were committees of correspondence?
committees that created and spread letters to the public to spread rebellious spirit
why were colonists angry again in 1773, when there were so little taxes?
The British East India company was docked in Boston port, and was selling directly to the colonists
What was the Boston Tea party?
Bostonians disguised as Indians boarded the tea ship and dumped more than 342 chests of tea in the Boston Harbor
What were the Intolerable Acts
Closed Boston Port until damages were paid
Quartering Act put British Soldiers and Officials in private homes
Charters such as the Massachusetts Bay Colony were taken away
What was the Quebec Act?
French Quebec people were guaranteed their catholicism, keep their customs, and the Quebec boundaries were increased.
Why did American colonists hate the quebec act?
it prevented the westward expansion of the colonies
What was the purpose of the First Colonial Congress?
to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances.
What was the Declaration of Rights and who proposed them?
John Adam proposed them, declared an America under self-rule under British Direction
What was The Association?
Called for a complete boycott on all British good
How did Parliament receive the colonies Declaration of Rights?
They rejected them
Why were British Troops deployed to Lexington and Conchord?
Rebel colonists had gunpowder and arms.
Who was the successful ambassador for the American colonies?
Benjamin Franklin
Why did separating from Britain cause an economic crisis?
Congress had to print its own money
Who did America get the majority of its arms and military power from?
France
Why did the Americans lose at the Battle of Bunker Hill?
They ran out of ammo and supplies
What was the olive branch petition?
Created by Congress during the war to profess Americas loyalty towards Britain
Why didnt the Olive Branch Petition work?
Britain had already declared the colonies in a state of rebellion
What were Hessians?
German mercenary soldiers who were hired by Britain to fight in the Revolution
Why did America fail to conquer Canada?
Canada had no desire to be ruled by “non-catholics” and managed to fight off the invasion
What is “Evacuation Day”?
Day in which Bostonians managed to make all British officials “evacuate Boston”
What was Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”?
Supported a separation from Britain, called the king a “tyrant”, and called all colonists supportive of Britain as people defying common sense
what was republicanism?
idea to form a government in which the people decide their officials, and sacrifice their needs for the good of the people
who was the first person to push forward the idea of independence?
Richard Henry Lee
Why was the Declaration of Independence formally written?
to give the colonists a cause to fight, to make the cause of independence justified, and to make declaration formal
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
Who were the Loyalists?
People who were loyal to the crown, and did not want to separate from Britain, followed the Tory political party
Who were the patriots?
People who wanted to separate from Britain, followed the Whig party.
Who were mainly loyalists?
Anglican or old people
What was the Battle of Long Island?
George Washington’s “planned retreat” from Britain, as he tried to escape from Long Island
Why was France so willing to assist America against Britain?
They wanted to get revenge on Britain from their humiliating defeat
What was the significance of America’s victory at Saratoga?
It revived the cause of the revolution to the colonists, and convinced France to join the fight
What was the Model Treaty?
Foreign policy document that advised America that when forming alliances, to only become involved commercially with another country, not in politics, or military
what did Britain offer America after the Battle of Saratoga?
Self-government under the British Empire
Who else besides France joined the fight along the sides of the Americans?
Spain and Holland
What did countries neutral to Britain do to make them aggressive towards them?
They signed the Armed Neutrality, in which neutral countries chose to be passive aggressive towards them,
Which American General turned Traitor and allied with the British?
Benedict Arnold
Who was the chief and leader of the Native Americans who sided with the British during the Revolutionary War?
Joseph Brant
What was the Treaty of Fort Stanwix?
Treaty signed between the colonists and Native Americans, after the colonists defeated the Natives in the back countries of New York and Pennsylvania
Who was George Rogers Clark?
Frontiersman who captured British Forts along the Ohio River
What were privateers?
Privately-owned fighter ships that mainly attacked British supple ships
How was America negatively affected during the War?
Heavy inflation, lack of colonial unity, bankrupt government, mutinous army
Where did the last major Battle of the War take place
Yorktown
Why was Britain willing to surrender to America at the end of the Revolution?
Britain was facing restlessness in its other colonies.
British people were tried of the War
Lord North’s Tory Ministry collapsed to a Whig Ministry
Why did Britain give such generous conditions to the Peace Treaty?
Wanted to reopen trade, prevent future wars, and the Whig party like America
