Chapter 31-35 Flashcards
Bolshevik Revolution
1917 political take over of Communists lead by Lenin, over the Csar
Red Scare
1919-1920 scare that resulted in questioning the loyalty of left-wingers whether they were communists.
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer
the Fighting Quaker, rounded up 6,000 people in question
Criminal Syndicalism Laws
Laws passed in 1920 which reflected the fears of the American Citizens, outlawed advocating violence to get social change, denied 5 social members of New York Legislation seats, critics said that words were not causing any problems
American Plan
Labors call for “closed” or all union denounced at Sovietism in disguise, employers in turn hailed their own antiunion campaign for the “open” shop.
Nicola Sacco/Bartolomeo Vanzetti
victim of anti-foreginism, shoe factory worker and fish peddler, who were convicted of killing a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard, jury and judge were prejudice because they were Italian anarchists, atheists and draft dodgers.
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
Newcomers from Europe were restricted in any given year to a definite quota which was 3 percent of the people of their nationality living in the US in 1910
Immigration Act of 1924
cut the quota for foreigners to 2 percent, Southern Europeans really did not like this, led to American hatred in Japan and Europe, Canadians and Latin Americans were exempt, marked the age of mass immigration, opposed by cultural pluralists who believed enough cultural diversity would get rid of racial differences.
Prohibition Experiment
didn’t work, lots of corruption, prohibition only got worse
Volstead Act
federal act enforcing the 18th amendment more
Racketeers
invaded ranks of local labor unions as organizers or promoters, extorted people under the threat of breaking their stuff
Scopes “Monkey” Trial
1925 case in Tennessee, where John T. Scopes was indicted for teaching evolution, prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan who got humiliated by Clarence Darrow, Scopes was convicted anyways
Henry Ford
industrial wizard in terms of developing cars, created the Model T, grasped and applied the technique of moving assembly line, flooded the market with his cars
United Negro Improvement Association
founded by Marcus Garvey, promoted the resettlement to the African homeland, wanted to keep money that blacks made with the blacks, inspired 4 million followers, but overall a pretty poorly thought out plan
H.L.Mencken
the”Bad Boy of Baltimore”, wrote American Mercury, assailed marriage, patriotism, democracy, Rotarians, middle class America, the south, the French, do-gooders
F. Scott Fitzgerald
wrote This Side of Paradise, and the Great Gatsby, exemplified the Jazz Age
Theodore Dreiser
wrote American Tragedy, explored pitfalls of social striving
Ernest Hemingway
responded to propaganda, told of disillusioned people
William Faulkner
wrote fiction books, peeled back layers of time and souls
T.S. Elliot
wrote the Wasteland
Kellogg-Briand Pact
the pact of Paris, ratified 62 nations, signed by Calvin Coolidge, secretary of state Frank Kellogg, defensive war was permitted, pretty much a useless Treaty
Fordney-McCumber Tariff LAW
boost 27 percent under the Underwood Tariff, boosted it to 38.5% wanted to protect domestic production from foreign competitors, caused Europe to raise its own tax protections
Teapot Dome Scandal
involved priceless naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome and Elk Hills, implicated Secretary of the Interior, Harding signed Fall’s orders tansfer properties to the interior department, Fall leased the lands to two other people for a bribe, polluted prestige of the government, undermined faith in courts, “you can’t put a million dollars in jail”.
McNary-Haugen Bill
wanted to keep agricultural prices high by telling goods abroad, any losses would be made up by a tax on the farmers, Coolidge vetoed it even though congress passed it twice, farm prices stayed down
Dawes Plan
created by Charles Dawes, allowed money to be lent to Germany, and vice versa, the money would go from the U.S. to German, who would use that money to pay back Britain and France, who would pay off the war debts to the USA
Agricultural Marketing Act
activated in June 1929, wanted to help the farmers help themselves, set up the Federal Farm Board, money was lent to farm corporation that were suffocated by a mass avalanche with dropped prices
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
trying to protect the farmers at first, had a ton of amendments to it, turned into the highest tariff ever at 60 percent, seemed like a declaration of economic warfare, sunk everyone into a depression
Hooversville
really shitty towns of poor people who lived in horrible conditions and begged for money
Reconstruction Finance Corporation - HOOVER
government lending bank, was supposed to provide relief to banks, companies, railroads, no loans to the individual, beneficial, but far too late
Borris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act
outlawed antiunion contracts and forbade federal courts to issue injunctions to restrain strikes, boycotts and peaceful picketing
Bonus Army
a bunch of rioters who wanted rights for the veterans, MacArthur reoved them because things got a little bit out of hand
Emergency Banking Relief Act (Banking)
invested the President with the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks
Civillian Conservation Corps (Unemployment)
CCC one of the most popular pasrts of the New Deal, provided employment in fresh air government camps for about 3 million uniformed young men, they got set to work doing reforestation, firefighting, flood control, swamp drainage, sent home the pay, both human and natural resources were conserved
Federal Emergency Relief Act (Unemployment)
FERA focused on immédiate relief rather than long-range recovery, lead by Harry L. Hopkins who granted 3 billion to state for direct dole payments for wages on work projects
Civil Works Administration (Unemployment) CWA
Branch of FERA, designed purely to provide temporary jobs during the winter, tons of people were put to useless tasks
Agricultural Adjustment Act (Farming)
AAA made available millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages, establish parity prices for basic commodities, eliminate price-depressing surpluses by paying farmers to reduce crop acreage, just a big waste of needed crops and food (Later Declared Unconstitutional)
Tennesse Valley Authority (Unemployment) TVA
determine to discover precisely how much the production and distribution of electricity costs so a yardstick could be set up totes the fairness of rates charged by private companies, companies claimed the low cost of TVA power was because of lack of taxes and some other bullshit, but still, people were happy because it brought employment
Home Owner’s Loan Corporation (Debt/Banking) HOLC
designed to finance mortgages on nonfarm houses, assisted in a million badly pinched households, bailed out mortgage holding banks, also bolted political loyalties of relieved middle-class homeowners securely to the democrats
National Industrial Recovery Act NIRA
set up the NRA, created codes for fair competition, lowered labor hours, minimum wage, anti-labor contracts not allowed, restrictions on Child Labor.
Public Works Administration (Unemployment) PWA
focused on long term recovery, headed by Harold Ickes, over 4 billion spent on projects like buildings and highways, created a dam that helped irrigation on the Columbia river during WW2
Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act (Banking)
provided for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured individual deposits up to $5,000, ended the massive streak of bank failures
Federal Housing Act (Homeowners) FHA
the building industry was to be stimulated by small loans to householders, to improve dwellings and complete new houses, very popular
Securities and Exchange Commission (Money Stability) SEC
designed as a watchdog administrative agency, stock markets henceforth were more likely to act like trading marts rather than casinos
Resettlement Administration (Debt)
moved all of the farmers who weren’t doing anything with themselves to potentially better land where they could get work
Works Progress Administration (Unemployment) WPA
tried to start employment on useful projects, launched by Hopkins spent 11 billion on public buildings, bridges, and hard surfaced roads, also funded things artists to paint public murals
Wagner Act: National Labor Relations Board (Labor) NLRB
led by Robert F. Wagner, created a board reasserted the right of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain through representatives, inspired the creation of unions, led to the creation of the CIO
Social Security Act (Pensions/Unemployment)
(Pensions/Unemployment) attacked the old age pensions and unemployment insurance, specified categories of workers would get payments from Washington, provisions also were made for the handicapped, opposed by Hoover
Soil Conservation Act (Farmers)
farmers were paid more money to plant soil conserving plants in order to maintain as much open land as possible
Fair Labor Standards Act (Labor) FLSA
Industries involved in interstate commerce were to set up minimum-wage and maximum hour levels, eventual goal was 40 cents an hours and a 40 hour week, child support was banned
Frazier-Lewike Farm Bankruptcy Act (Farmers/Debt)
suspension on the foreclosure of farms for roughly five years
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
Combined immediate relief with long term recovery, individual industries were to work out codes of fair competition under which hours of labor would be reduced so that employment could be spread out more, min and max set on the hours, workers given the right to organize and bargain, too much self sacrifice expected
Father Charles Coughlin
broadcasted on the radio against the New Deal, eventually he got ignored because he would start ranting about how much he hastes Jews and the way he scammed people
Francis E. Townsend
a California physician who promised everyone over $200, and Huey P. Long a senator from Louisianna who publicized making every man a king, every family would receive 5,000 dollars, he was also a scammer
Dust Bowl
following a huge drought, sun was darkened by topsoil turn up by the winds, stretched from Colorado to Mississippi, led to the mass migration to California
Committee/Congress of Industrial Organizations
led by John L. Lewis, created it within the ranks of the AFL, people weren’t very nice at first because the workers weren’t skilled, moved away from the AFL. went to the auto industry and went on strike until they recognized as the sole bargaining agency for its employees, broke with the AFL completely
Court Packing Plan
expanded the Supreme Court, FDR was vilified as a dictator, tried to add a new justice for every old one that would not retire, overcome the objections to the New Deal
London Economic Conference
met in the summer of 19333, showed how Roosevelts’ foreign policy was subordinated to his strategy for domestic economic recovery, hoped to organized a coordinated international attack on the depression, tried to reinstate exchange rate. Wanted to use inflation to stimulate American economy.
Recipricocal Trade Agreements Act
signed in 1934, designed in part to lift American export trade from the depression, aimed at both relief and recover, avoided the uncertainties of a wholesale tariff revision, whittled down and amended the Hawley Soot law, lowered existing tax rated by 50%, provided that the other countries would reduce the same amount, reversed the traditional high protective tariff policy
Rome-Berlin Axis
Hitler removed himself from League of Nations in 1933, Mussolini and Hitler allied themselves, Japan, Italy, and Germany eventually joined together in the Tripartite Pact
Storm Cellar Isolationism
Super-Isolationsim. Philosophy that didn’t work in WW2 era
Johnson Debt Default Act
prevented debt dodging nations from borrowing further in the U.S., followed the US idea that isolationism was a good idea, and that entering WW1 was a terrible idea
Nautrality Acts of 1935-7
stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restriction would go int effect, no American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, sell, or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans
Abraham Lincoln Brigade
buncha Americans that went and fought the Spanish dictator, Francisco Franco, of their own accord
Neutrality Act of 1939
provided that the European democracies could buy American war materials, on a “Cash-and-Carry” basis, which meant they would have to pay with cash, then use their own ships to transport the goods, thus avoided loans, war debts, and the destruction of American ships, Roosevelt then proclaimed danger zones that American ships could not enter
Lend-Lease Bill
U.S. lents nations arms, and military vehicles, countries would return supplies after the war
Atlantic Chart
8 point program created by FDR and Churchill, outlined the Western World’s democratic ideals.
Wendell L. Wilkie
ran in the election of 1940 against FDR, gave over500 speeches, FDR broke the two term tradition, claimed he was not sending the people, FDR won
ABC-1 Agreements
strategy devised with Britain that adopted the strategy of getting Germany first, where all the Allied forces would join together and defeat Germany, than attack Japan, send just enough to keep Japan from digging in too deep.
Executive Order No. 9066
forced Japanese into concentration camps, deprived Japanese Americans of their rights. U.S. government tried to later apologized by offering $20,000 in reparations
War Production Board
orchestrated massive military orders, instantly soaked up remaining unemployment left over from the Great Depression, created bullets, tanks, aircrafts, ships, tanks, machine guns, halted the manufacture of cars
Office of Price Administration
full employment and scarce consumer goods created a huge surge, this office brought down prices under control with regulations, rationing certain goods
National War Labor Board
imposed ceilings on wage increases, labor unions grew a ton, but despite no strike laws, walkouts were a huge issue
Smith-Connally Anti Strike Act
passed in June 1943 due to threats of lost production through strikes, authorized federal government to seize and operate tied-up industries, strikes were made a criminal offense, under this act, Washington took over the mines, and the railroads.
Women at War
employed hundreds of thousands of women for the first time in non-combat duties (WAACS, WAVES, SPARs)
Bracero Program
the draft left the farms and factories in need of workers, this program brought in Mexican workers
Island Hopping
Ignored fortified Japanese posts, captured nearby islands, set up airfields around them, cut off supplies and bomb the crap out of the islands.
Leyte Gulf
MacArthur took 600 ships and 250,000 men and had a huge battle at Leyte Gulf, won all three skirmishes, let him control the Pafcific
Okinawa
well defended base close to the main islands, fighting went on for months, killed 50,000 Americans, Kamikazes
Soft Underbelly Strategy
British military planners who wanted to attack Hitler through the Mediteraanean
Battle of North Africa
led by Dwigh Eisenhower, led a force of 400,000 men and 850 ships, trapped German Italian army in Tunisia
Casablanca
Where FDR and Churchill met, decided to step up the Pacific War, invade Sicily, increase pressure on Italy and insist upon unconditional surrender.
D-Day
June 6, 1944, Germans were expecting a blow farther north than French Normandy, came from the ocean, charged the beaches, managed to breakthrough and liberate Paris in August 1944
V-E Day
May7, 1945, German government surrender unconditionally known as Victory in Europe day
Potsdam Conference
Truman met with Stalin and Britain’s leader, made the ultimatum “surrender or die”
V-J Day
September 2, 1945, Victory in Japan Day, Day the Japanese surrendered.
