Chapter 13-15 Flashcards
Corrupt Bargain
alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to get Adams elected. Scandal was used for Andrew Jackson’s campaign four years later
Spoils System
Jacksonian Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office
Tariff Of Abominations
High tariff that favored northern manufacturers and made the south very angry
nullification crisis
showdown between President Andrew Jackson and Carolina Legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null in its state, and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. Resolved and compromised by Henry Clay in 1833.
Compromise Tariff of 1833
Passed a measure to resolve the nullification crisis, tariffs were to be lowered gradually over ten years.
Force Bill
Passed by Congress alongside the Compromise Tariff, it authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties because for Jackson it
Indian Removal Act
Ordered the removal of all East Mississippi tribes to migrate West to reservations. Resistance resulted in American Army intervention
Trail of Tears
forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama home to Indian Territory
Black Hawk War
Series of Clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act
Bank War
Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional Supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank’s renewal moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers
Anti-Masonic Party
First founded in New York, gained considerable influence in New England and Mid Atlantic during the 1832 election. Didn’t like the secretive aristocracy in politics
Pet Banks
Popular Term for pro-Jackson banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the bank of the United States.
Specie Circular
U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public land be purchased with metallic currency
Panic of 1837
Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson’s efforts to curb over speculation on the western lands, affected the poor classes heavily, especially in the west
Alamo
Fortress in Texas where 400 American volunteer soldiers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836, cry for Texan independence
Goliad
Texas outpost where American soldiers were massacred by Mexican Forces in 1836
Battle of San Jacquinto
Resulted in the capture of Santa Anna, who was forced to withdraw his troops from Texas and recognize Rio Grande as Texas’s Southwestern border
Denmark Vesey
led a slave rebellion in Charleston in 1822, led to South Carolina getting scared that their slaves would follow suit
John C. Calhoun
denounced Tariff of Abominations as unjust and unconstitutional in The South Carolina Exposition
Black Hawk
Native American from the Sauk and Fox tribes to resist eviction from their lands, got crushed
Nicholas Biddle
President of the bank of U.S.
Daniel Webster
tried to save the bank from Jackson’s wrath
Henry Clay
resolved the nullification crisis, part of the corrupt bargain
Stephen Austin
new regime in Mexico granted him Land in Texas so he could become Roman Catholic and Mexicanized
Sam Houston
Fought with Texan rebels, future governor of Texas
Santa Anna
Mexican dictator who fought against the American rebels
William Henry Harrison
War hero of Tippecanoe, Whig president of the United States
Self Reliance
Ralph Waldo Emerson’s lecture that reflected the self-sustaining transcendentalist way of thinking of the time
Rendezvous
the principal marketplace of the Northwest fur trade, which peaked in the 1820’s
Ecological Imperialism
Historian’s Term for the destruction of Western natural resources through hunting, logging, mining and grazing
Ancient Order of Hibernians
Irish society that served to help the downtrodden Irish Immigrants of the time
Molly Maguires
secret organization of Irish Miners that campaigned, violently against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines
Tammany Hall
Powerful New York Political machine that drew support from the city’s immigrants that depended on Tammany Hall patronage. Irish would grow to dominate it
Know-nothing Party
Nativist political part, also known as the American party, which emerged as a response to immigrants, wanted rigid restrictions on immigration
Awful Disclosures
Maria Monk’s sensational exposure of the alleged horrors in the Catholic convents, nativist fear of Catholic Influence
Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney’s invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton, made it cash crop, and revitalized the south
Patent Office
Federal Government bureau that reviews patent applications, legal recognition of a new invention, exclusive rights to the people who actually made the machine, prevented someone from stealing ideas
Limited Liability
legal principal that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors, who, in cases of legal claims of bankruptcy, cannot be held accountable for more than their shares.
Commonwealth v. Hunt
Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of labor unions
Cult of Domesticity
Idea that women served a noble role in shaping the character of the future american citizen
McCormick Reaper
Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, to allow farmers to cultivate larger plots, turned agriculture into a business in the Mid west
Turnpike
privately funded, toll based public road constructed in the early nineteenth century to facilitate commerce
Erie Canal
New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River, dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueled an economic boom in upstate New York and increased the profitability of farming the Old Northwest
Clipper Ships
small swift vessels that gave American shippers an advantage in carrying trade, clipper ships made obsolete iron steamer on the eve of the Civil War
Pony express
speedy mail service between Missouri and California on which mail was carried by horsemen. was made obsolete after the telegraph became widespread
Transportation revolution
term referring to the dramatic change in transportation , turnpikes, steamboats, canals, railroads, steam boats, link nation together
Market Revolution
18th and 19th century transformation into a commercial and industrial network
Samuel Slater
father of Factory system, memorized British blue print technology, made first American machinery for spinning cotton thread
Eli Whitney
Inventor of the cotton gin and replaceable parts system
Elias Howe
invented a fast sewing machine
Isaac Singer
perfected faster sewing machine
Samuel F. B. Morse
created the telegraph
John Deere
produced a steel plow that broke soil better
Cyrus McCormick
created the McCormick Reaper, cut a ton of wheat much faster than by hand
Robert Fullton
created the first successful steamboat
DeWitt Clinton
New York governor who oversaw the creation of the Erie canal
Cyrus Field
stretched a wire across the entire ocean from New England to Ireland
John Jacob Astor
left an estate of 30 million after he died
Age of Reason
Thomas Paine’s anticlerical treatise that accused of seeking power and profit and enslaving man
Deism
Eighteenth century religious doctrine that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge, most deists rejected biblical inerrancy and the divinity of christ.
Second Great Awakening
Religious revival characterized by emotional mass meeting and widespread conversion, brought about by democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members
Burned Over District
popular name for Wester New York, region particularly swept up in the Second Great Awakening
Mormons
religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830’s, known as the church of latter day saints
lyceum
public lecture hall that hosted speakers to lecture topics to the public
american temperance society
founded in Boston in 1826 as a part of a growing effort to limit alcohol consumption
Maine Law of 1851
prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol, dozens of states followed maine’s lead, didn’t end up working
Woman’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls
Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Statnton read her “Declaration of Sentiments” stating that all men and women are created equally
New Harmony
communal society of around a thousand members in Indiana by Robert Owen, didn’t work out well
Brook Farm
transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellects, who emphasized living plaint while pursuing intellectual enlightenment
Oneida Community
radical utopian community established in the 19th century, advocated free love, birth control
Shakers
called shakers for their lively dance worship, emphasized simple communal, celibate living, implanted by Mother Ann Lee
Hudson River School
American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes
Minstrel Shows
Variety shows performed by white actors in black face, sang black songs
Transcendentalism
Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self reliance
The American Scholar
Ralph Waldo Emerson’s address at Harvard, declared an intellectual independence from Europe, basically said that all American scholars should ignore what art is being done in Europe, and become individual
Peter Cartwright
Methodist circuit riders, traveling frontier preachers, called for sinners to repent
Charles Grandison Finney
greatest of revival preachers, held massive revivals in Rochester and NYC, wanted public sin, denounced alcohol and slavery
Joseph Smith
Started the Mormon faith, looked down upon by everyone
Brigham Young
Lead the Mormon’s after the death of Joseph Smith, moved the mormons to Utah
Horace Mann
wanted an education reform, better schools, higher paid teachers, longer school years, improved the overall condition of schools
Dorothea Dix
walked around the country saying to improve conditions in asylums
Neal S. Dow
mayor of portland, father of prohibition, sponsored the Maine Law of 1851, prohibited manufacture and sale of liquor
Lucretia Mott
Quaker feminist, got angry when no one listened to them at London anti-slavery in 1840
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
advocated suffrage for women, read that all women and men are created equal in the Declaration of Sentiments
Susan B. Anthony
lecturer for woman’s rights
Lucy Stone
kept maiden name after her marriage
Amelia Bloomer
invented a new “rebellious” skirt
Robert Owen
founded New Harmony commune
John J. Audubon
famous for his paintings of american birds
Stephen C. Foster
wrote a famous black song, captured the plaintive spirit of the slaves
James Fenimore Cooper
Leading transcendentalist writer
Ralph Waldo Emerson
famous transcendentalist, delivered the American Scholar, wanted America to come up with its own ideas, stressed self-reliance, self improvement
Henry David Thoreau
transcendentalist, environmentalist, writer, meditation, nature
Walt Whitman
romantic and unconventional, highly emotional transcendentalist, sex, swagger
Louisa May Alcott
women writer, wrote little women
Emily Dickinson
lived as recluse, created her own world through poetry, refused to publish any of her poetry, ad explores nature, love and death
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Romantic writer, wrote the Scarlett Writer and the Marble Faun
Herman Melville
wrote Moby Dick, transcendentalist
Francis Parkman
famous historian writer
