Chapter 16-19 Test Flashcards
West Africa Squadron
British Naval force armed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade in 1807; it intercepted hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of Africans
Breakers
slave drivers who employed the people to torture/beat slaves
Black Belt
region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves, emerged in the 19th century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west.
Responsorial Call
Call and response style of preaching that melded Christian and African traditions, practice by African slaves in the south
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the death of sixty whites and raised fear among white southerners of further uprisings
Amistad
Spanish Slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard, driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial, John Quincy Adams, argued with theSupreme Court, and the slaves were released to Africa
American Colonization Society
Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed black back to Africa, established Liberia, west-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves.
Liberia
West-African nation founded in 1822 as a haven for freed blacks, fifteen thousand of whom made their way back across the Atlantic by 1860
The Liberator
Antislavery newspaper published by William Loyd Garrison who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves
American Anti-Slavery Society
Abolitionist Society founded by William Loyd Garrison who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery
Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World
Incendiary abolitionist track advocating the violent overthrow of slavery, published by David Walker
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas
Vivid autobiography of the escaped slave and renowned abolitionist Frederick Douglass
Mason-Dixon Line
originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Virginia in the 1760’s, came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery
Gag Resolution
Prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals, driven through the House by pro-slavery southerners, the gag resolution passed every year for 8 years, eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams
William T. Johnson
a mulatto, barber of Natchez, owned slaves, flogged slaves and a mule, because whipping a mule is effective
Nat Turner
visionary black preacher, led an uprising, created Nat Turner’s rebellion, killed 60 whites
William Wilberforce
member of Parliament, and evangelical Christian reformer whose family had been touched by George Whitefield, unchained slaves in West Indies
Theodore Dwight Weld
been evangelized by Charles Finney in New York’s Burned-Over-District, appealed with special power and directness to his rural audiences of untutored farmers
William Lloyd Garrison
published in Boston the first issue of his antislavery newspaper, the Liberator, founded American Anti Slavery Society
David Walker
Wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, advocated bloody end to white supremacy.
Soujourner Truth
freed black woman in New York who fought for black emancipation and woman’s rights
Martin Delany
took serious note in the decolonization of Africa
Frederick Douglas
escaped bondage, published Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, got the crap beat out of him, strong abolitionist
Tariff of 1842
Protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to Pre-Compromise of 1833 rates
Caroline
Diplomatic row between the United States and Britain, developed after British troops set fire to an American steamer carrying supplies across the Niagara River to Canadian insurgents, during Canada’s short-lived insurrection
Creole
American ship captured by a group of rebelling Virginian slaves, the slaves successfully sought asylum in the Bahamas, raising fears among southern planters that the British West Indies would become a safe haven for runaway slaves
Aroostook War
Series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of Northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842.
Manifest Destiny
Belief that the United States was destined by God to spread its empire of liberty across North America, served as a justification for mid-ninteenth century fifty-four forty slogan adopted by expansionists who advocated the occupation of the Oregon territory, jointly held by Britain and the United States.
Liberty Party
Anti slavery party that ran candidates in the 1840s and 1844 election before merging with the Free Soil Party, supporters of Liberty party sought the eventual abolition of slavery, but in short term hoped to halt the expansion of slavery into territories and abolish the domestic slave trade
Walker Tariff
Revenue-enhancing measure that lowered tariffs from 1842 levels thereby fueling trade and increasing Treasury receipt.
Spot Resolutions
Measures introduced by Illinois congressman Abraham Lincoln, questioning President James K. Polk’s justification for War with Mexico, Lincoln requested that Polk clarify precisely where Mexican Forces had attacked American troops
California Bear Republic
Short lived California republic, established by Local American settlers who revolted against Mexico, once news of war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States.
Battle of Buena Vista
Key American victory against Mexican forces in the Mexican-American War, elevated General Zachary Taylor to national prominence, helped secure his success in the 1848 presidential election
Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo
ended war with Mexico, Mexico agreed to cede territory reaching northwest from Texas to Oregon in exchange for 18.25 million in cash and assumed debts
Conscience Whigs
Northern Whigs who opposed slavery on moral ground, sought to prevent annexation of Texas as a slave states, serve as buttress to Southern slave Power
Wilmot Proviso
Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico, introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, jacked up tensions
John Tyler
became president after WHH died, democrat in Whig Clothing, still largely Democrat, hostile to central Bank, vetoed, signed Tariff of 1842, helped bring in Texas to the nation
James K. Polk
Democratic dark horse candidate, lowered tariff, Walk Tariff bill, restoration of independent treasury, acquire California and Oregon, compromised on Oregon, wanted to buy California from Mexico, sent Slidell, who got rejected, Polk ordered Zachary Taylor to go provocatively close to Mexico, over the previously though border, called for War on Mexico
Stephen W. Kearny
led troops through Santa Fe Trail to get to California
John C. Fremont
conveniently was already in California who hap captured it, hoisted Bear Flag Republic
Winfield Scott
given command of the mission to take coastal city of Veracruz, got handicapped, but still bought it
Nicholas P. Trist
Chief clerk of State Department, arranged for armistice, negotiate Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo
David Wilmot
fearful of slavocracy, slavery never existed any territory from Mexico
Popular Sovereignty
Notion that the sovereignty people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery, North opposed it because they thought it would spread.
Free Soil Party
Antislavery party in the 1848 and 1852 elections that opposed the extension of slavery into the territories, arguing that the prescreens of slavery would limit the opportunities for free laborers
California Gold Rush
Inflow of thousands of miners to Northern California after new reports of the discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill in January 1848 had spread around the world
Underground Railroad
Informal network of volunteers that helped runaway slaves escape from the South and reach free-soil Canada, seeking to halt the flow of runaway slaves to the North.
Seventh of March Speech
Daniel Webster’s address of urging North to support of the Compromise of 1850, topography and climate would keep slavery from being entrenched in Mexican Cession Territory and urged Northerners to make all reasonable concessions to prevent disunion
Compromise of 1850
Admitted California as a Free State, opened New Mexico and Utah to poplar sovereignty, ended the slave trade in Washington D.C., introduced a fugitive slave law, widely opposed in both North and South
Fugitive Slave Law
Passed a part of compromise of 1850, set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves, compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaway slaves
Clayton-Bullwer Treaty
signed by Great Britain and the United States, provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America, that neither power would seek to fortify or exclusively control and future isthmian waterway, later revoked by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, gave U.S. control of Panama Canal
Ostend Manifesto
Secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest militarily Cuba from Spain, once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North
Opium War
war between Britain and China over trading rights, particularly Britain’s desire to continue selling opium to Chinese traders, resulting trade agreement prompted American to seek similar concessions from the Chinese
Treaty of Wanghia
signed by the U.S. and China, it assured the same trading concession granted to other powers, greatly expanding America’s trade with the Chinese
Treaty of Kanagawa
Ended Japan’s two-hundred year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports
Gadsden Purchase
Acquired additional Land from Mexico for 10 million to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad
Kansas Nebraska Act
Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise, introduced by Stephen Douglas in order to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for the rail road
Lewis Cass
veteran of the War of 1812, Democrat, father of popular sovereignty
Zachary Taylor
Hero of Buena Vista, Whigs candidate, won the election, fallen under the influence of Seward.
Harriet Tubman
conductor of the Underground Railroad, rescued more than 300 slaves
Millard Fillmore
passed Compromise of 1850, took over after Taylor died
Franklin Pierce
Democratic, drunk, that’s about it
William Walker
American adventurer, kept trying to take Nicaragua, installed himself president in 1856, legalized slavery, was killed by Hondurans
Caleb Cushing
Went to China, to give gifts, signed Treaty of Wanghia, secured trading rights for the U.S.
Matthew C. Perry
went into Japan, signed Treaty of Kanagawa, managed to be friends with the Japanese
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery, heightened the call for abolition
the Impending Crisis of the South
Antislavery tract, written by Hinton R. Helper, arguing that non-slaveholding whites actually suffered most in slave economy
New England Emigrant Aid Company
Organization created to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory
Lecompton Constitution
Proposed Kansas constitution whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory, initially ratified by proslavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the entire constitution be put up for a vote
Bleeding Kansas
Civil war in Kansas over the issue of slavery in territory, fought intermittently until 1861, when it merged with the Civil War
Dred Scott vs. Stanford
Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory, slaves were private property
Panic of 1857
Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, over speculation, and excess grain production, raised calls in the North for higher tariffs for free homesteads on western public lands
Tariff of 1857
lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern Farmers
Lincoln Douglas Debates
Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the U.S. Senate race in Illinois, Douglas won the election but Lincoln gained national prominence and emerged as the leading candidate for the 1860 Republican nomination
Freeport Question
Raised during one of the Lincoln-Douglas debates by Abraham Lincoln, who asked whether the Court or the people should decide the future of any slavery in the territories
Freeport Doctrine
Declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislature, not the Supreme Court would have the final say on it.
Harper’s Ferry
Federal arsenal in Virginia seized by abolitionist John Brown in 1859.
Constitutional Union Party
Formed by Moderate Whigs and Know-nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis.
Confederate States of America
Government established after seven Southern States seceded from the Union, later joined by four more.
Crittenden Amendments
Proposed in an attempt to appease the South, the failed Constitutional amendments would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36, 30 where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which spoke against the horror’s of slavery
Henry Ward Beecher
Harriet’s Brother, helped pay for breech loading Sharps rifles for New England Emigrant Aid Company
James Buchanan
Democratic Party, threw support behind Lecompton Constitution
Charles Sumner
generally just kind of an asshole, insulted everyone in Senate, condemned proslavery men
Preston S. Brooks
approached Sumner on May 22, 1856 and beat the shit out of him with a cane
Dred Scott
Slave who sued for his freedom, turns out he’s a slave so he can’t sue anyways
Roger B. Taney
Chief Justice who said slaves were private property, and that Dred Scott wasn’t a human.
