Chapter 20-22 Flashcards
Fort Sumter
South Carolina location where Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War in April of 1861, after Union forces attempted to provision the fort
Border States
Five slave states- Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia, that did not secede during the Civil War, to keep the states in the Union, Lincoln insisted that the war was not about abolishing slavery by protecting the Union
West Virginia
Mountainous region that broke away from Virginia in 1861 to form its own state after Virginia seceded from the Union, most residents of West Virginia were independent farmers and miners who did not own slaves and thus opposed the Confederate cause
Trent Affair
Diplomatic row that threatened to bring the British into the Civil War on the side of the Confederacy, after a Union warship stopped a British steamer and arrested twi Confederate diplomats on board
Alabama
British built and manned Confederate warship that raided Union shipping during the Civil , one of many built by the British for the Confederacy despite Union protests
Laird Rams
Two well-armed iron clad warships constructed for the Confederacy by a British firm, seeking to avoid war with the United States
Dominion of Canada
Unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks or overtures from the United States
Writ of Habeas Corpus
Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest, protects individuals from arbitrary state action, suspended by Lincoln
New York Draft Riots
Uprising, mostly working class Irish Americans, in protest of the draft, particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions
Morrill Tariff Act
increased duties back up to 1846 Walker Tariff Levels to raise revenue for the Civil War
Greenbacks
Paper currency issued by the Union Treasury during the Civil War, inadequately supported by gold, had unstable inflation during the war
National Banking System
Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds, created during the Civil War to establish a stage national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds
Homestead Act
a federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it
U.S. Sanitary Commision
Founded by Elizabeth Blackwell, the government agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an efforts to help the Union Army, the commission helped professionalize nursing and gave many women the confidence and organizational skills, to propel the women’s movement in the postwar years
Charles Francis Adams
American minister, decided that ships being built were risky, captured Yankee ships
Napoleon III
Dispatched French Army into Mexico City, with his puppet Maximilian, flagrant of Monroe Doctrine, Washington gave aid to Benito Juarez who kicked them out
Maximillian
Napoleons puppet in Mexico, ended up getting killed when Napoleon left connections with him
Jefferson Davis
Confederate President, people didnt like him, very devoted to south
Elizabeth Blackwell
first female physician, U.S. Sanitary Commission, assist the Union armies in the field, trained nurses, collected supplies, equipped hospitals
Clara Barton
helped transform nursing from lowly service to respected position
Sally Tompkins
ran Richmond infirmary for wounded Confederate soldiers and was awarded the rank of captain
Battle of Bull Run
First major battle of Civi War, victory for South, erased Northern overconfidence, created deserters
Peninsula Campaign
Union General George B. McClellan’s failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital, had he taken Richmond, the war would be over and slavery would probably still be around which would upset a lot of people, except probably Cole
Merrimack and Monitor
Confederate and Union ironclads, success against wooden ships signaled an end for wood warships
Second Battle of Bull Run
battle that ended in a decisive victory for Confederate General Robert E. Lee, pushed farther into the North
Battle of Antietam
Landmark battle that ended in a draw but demonstrated the prowess of Union army, Confederate officer dropped copy of Lee’s battle plans which was found by the Union, and used against Confederate forces, forestalled foreign intervention, gave Lincoln what he needed to create the Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation
Declared all slaves in rebelling state free, but did not affect the Border States, closed door on possible compromise with South, encouraged slaves to run to the north for freedom.
Thirteenth Amendment
Constitutional amendment prohibiting all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude, former Confederate state required to fortify the amendment prior to gaining reentry
Battle of Fredericksburg
Decisive victory in Virginia for Robert E. Lee, repelled Union Army
Battle of Gettysburg
Battle in Pennsylvania that ended in Union victory, screwed the Confederacy, never managed to invade the north, ended in George Pickett’s charge onto northern lines, which didn’t work out too well
Gettysburg address
Abraham Lincoln’s speech delivered at the dedication of the cemetery of Gettysburg
Battle of Fort Henry and Fort Donnelson
Key victory for Union General Ulysses S. Grant it secured the North’s hold on Kentucky, dmeanded unconditional and immediate surrender
Battle of Shilloh
in Tennesse-Mississippi border that resulted in death of 23,000 as Grant tried to go capture Corinth, Grant maned to counter attack and win
Siege of Vicksburg
two and a half month siege of Confederate fort on Mississippi River in Tennessee, fell to Grant giving control of the river to the Union, caused all potential foreign aid to stop, and leave the confederacy sitting in its own crap
Sherman’s March
William Tecumseh Sherman’s destructive march throughout Georgia, instance of total war, targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale
Congressional Committee on Conduct of War
Established by Congress during the Civil War to oversee military affairs, largely under control of Radical Republicans, the committee agitated a more vigorous war effort
Copperheads
northern democrats who obstructed the war effort, attacked Lincoln, the draft, and emancipation, such as Clement L. Vallandigham
The Man Without a Country
Edward Everett Hale’s fictional account of a treasonous soldiers journey in exile, widely read in North, created more desire for war
Union Party
coalition part of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats who supported George McClellan
Wilderness Campaign
Brutal Fights between Grant and Lee in Virginia, involved Grant basically just chucking lots and lots of men at Lee until they eventually surrendered
Appomattox Courthouse
Site where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Grant after Wilderness Campaign
Reform Bill of 1867
Granted suffrage to all male British citizens, expanded electorate, and success of the American democratic experiment reinforced by Union victory in the Civil War
Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson
Confederate General, died by friendly fire at Battle of Fredericksburg
George B. McClellan
kind of an asshole to the President, lead the Peninsula Campaign, capture Yorktown, tried to Capture Richmond, Robert E. Lee drove him back in Seven Day’s Battle, drove him back to the sea, tried to run for President, failed
Robert E. Lee
Leader of the Confederate Army, beat John Pope in the Second Battle of Bull Run, defeated Burnside at Frederickburg, surrendered at Battle of Gettysburg
John Pope
Boasted about theater of war, Lost Second Battle of Bull Run
A.E. Burnside
attempted frontal assault on Lee’s troops at Fredericksburg, lost a lot of men, big failure
Joseph Hooker
took the command of Burnside, attacked, sent stonewall Jackson to attack flank, it worked and crushed him
George G. Meade
replaced Hooker, flanked a valley called Gettysburg, George Pickett’s magnificent but futile charge, broke Confederate attack, seesawed back and forth
George Pickett
charged at Battle of Gettysburg, didn’t work, but broke their spirits and their attack
Ullyssess S. Grant
main leader of the Union Army
William Tecumseh Sherman
led his own march to the sea, cut though Georgia, practice total war, Sherman’s March
Salmon Chase
Secretary of the Treasury, challenged Abe Lincoln a lot, accused him of lacking force
Clement L. Vallandigham
Copperhead congressman from Ohio, condemned War, was banished to Confederate Lines by Lincoln
John Wilkes Booth
killed Lincoln
Freedmen’s Bureau
created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education and legal support, its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators
10% Reconstruction Plan
Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state to be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation
Wade-Davis Bill
Passed by Congressional Republicans in response to Lincoln’s “10 percent plan”, it required that 50 percent of a state’s voters pledge allegiance to the Union, and set stronger safeguards for emancipation, reflected divisions between Congress and the president, and between radical and moderate Republicans over the treatment of the defeated south
Black Codes
Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts, increased Northerners criticisms of President Andrew Jackson’s lenient Reconstruction policies
Pacific Railroad Act
helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental with the use of land grants and government bonds
Civil Rights Bill
Passed over Andrew Johnson’s veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive them of rights to sue, testify, or have properties
Fourteenth Amendment
Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited states from taking away such rights without due process
Reconstruction Act
passed by the newly elected republican congress, it divided the south into five military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before readmission
Fifteenth Amendment
Prphibited state from denying citizens the franchise on account of race, disappointed woman who wanted it to include woman’s rights
Exparte Milligan
Civil War Era case in which the Supreme Court ruled that millitary tribunals could not be used to try civilians if civil courts were open
Redeemers
southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction
Woman’s Loyal League
women’s organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War and encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment to prohibit slavery
Union League
Reconsturction-Era African American organization that worked to educate Southern black about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American Interests before government and employers, recruited militia to protect blacks
Scalawags
pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collision with Republican governments after the Civil War
Carpetbaggers
Southerners description of Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after Civil War to work on Reconstruction or invest
Ku Klux Klan
Racist terrorists
Force Acts
passed by Congress following a wave of KKK violence, banned membership, prohibited use of intimidation to prevent banks from voting, gave military authority
Tenure of Office Act
Required the President to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees
Seward’s Folly
Secretary of State William Seward’s purchase of Alaska from Russia
Oliver O. Howard
headed the Freedman’s Bureau, Union General, provided food, clothing, medical care, and education both to freedmen and white refugees
Andrew Johnson
hated rich white planters, passed the black codes, a white supremacist, states-rightest
Thaddeus Stevens
defended runaway slaves for free, leading figure on Joint Committee on Reconstruction, wanted protection of political rights and drastic economic reforms
Hiram Revels
served in Washington as state government as lieutenant governors and representatives, black guy
Edwin M. Stanton
a holdover from Lincoln administrator, secretly serving as a spy and informer for radicals
Benjamin Wade
Johnson successor, disliked by many members of the business community for his high tariff, soft money, pro-labor views, distrusted many
William Seward
signed a treaty with Russia that transferred Alaska for 7.2 million, some people were not too thrilled.
