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Biology > Chapters 6-7 > Flashcards

Chapters 6-7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles

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2
Q

Central vacuole

A

Compartment for the storage of inorganic ions such as potassium and chloride

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3
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Cell junctions in plant cells

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4
Q

Gap junctions

A

Communicating junctions in animal cells

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5
Q

Centrosomes are composed of

A

Centrioles

Centromesomes are in animal cells

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6
Q

The walls of plant cells are largely composed of polysaccharides and proteins that are synthesized

A

In the rough ER and the Golgi apparatus

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7
Q

Basal bodies are most closely associated with

A

Cilia

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8
Q

Which groups are primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell?

A

Ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER

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9
Q

Glycoprotein

A

Proteins with covalently bonded carbohydrates

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10
Q

Nucleoid

A

Region of a bacterial cell that contains genetic material

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11
Q

In a eukaryotic cell, the DNA is in

A

The nucleus

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12
Q 
All of the following are functions of membrane proteins except
Cell-cell recognition
Protein synthesis 
Signal transduction 
Intercellular joining
Transport
A

Protein synthesis

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13
Q

According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, proteins of the membrane are mostly

A

Embedded in a lipid bilayer

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14
Q

Plasma membrane

Vesicles

A

Exchange with the environment

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15
Q

Cilia

Flagella

A

Movement

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16
Q

Desmosomes
Tight and gap junctions
Extracellular matrix

A

Cell-to-cell connections

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17
Q 
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
ECM
A

Structural integrity

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18
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Oxidation, conversion of H2O2 to water

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19
Q

Lysosomes

Food vacuoles

A

Digestion

Recycling

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20
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lipid synthesis

Drug detoxification

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21
Q

Ribosomes
Rough/smooth ER
Golgi
Vesicles

A

Manufacture of proteins, membranes, and other products

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22
Q

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

A

Energy conversions

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23
Q

Nucleus

Chromosomes

A

Information storage and transferral

DNA—mRNA—enzymes and other proteins

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24
Q 
Nucleus
Chromosomes
Centrioles
Microtubules
Microfilaments
A

Cell Division

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25
Q

Cytoskeleton is made of

A

Microtubules (thickest)
Microfilaments (actin filaments) (thinnest)
Intermediate filaments (middle range)

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26
Q

Aquaporins

A

Channel proteins that allow the passage of water molecules through the membrane
-facilitate the passage of water

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27
Q

If the stuff can’t move

A

Water will!!

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28
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of particles on any substances so that they spread out into available space
H-L
High concentration OF THAT MOLECULE to low concentration OF THAT MOLECULE
Molecules move based on its own solute concentration

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29
Q

Once all the stuff moves…

A

Then water will move because once the stuff moves, it changes the concentration of water

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30
Q

Everything moves

A

Down their concentration gradient

And based on their own concentration

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31
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Region along which the density of a substance increases or decreases
-any substance will move down

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32
Q

Passive transport

A

Diffusion of a substance across a membrane
Does not require energy
H-L

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33
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane

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34
Q

Isotonic

A

Same solute concentration

Water diffuses across the membrane at the same rate in both directions

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35
Q

Hypertonic

A

More/higher solute concentration
Cell shrivels
Loses water, may die

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36
Q

Hypotonic

A

Less solute concentration
Water enters cell faster than it leaves
Cell will swell and burst (lyse)

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37
Q

Turgid

A

Very firm, healthy state for most plant cells

Plant cell when in a hypotonic solution

38
Q

Flaccid

A

Limp, when plant cells and their surroundings are isotonic

39
Q

Plasmolysis

A

As plant cell shrivels, it’s plasma/cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall at multiple places, causes plant to wilt and can cause death

40
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Polar molecules and ions impeded by the lipid bilayer of the membrane diffuse passively w/ the help of transport proteins that span the membrane
PASSIVE
H-L

41
Q

Sodium-Potassium pump

A

Transports sodium ions out of the cell and transports potassium ions into the cell

42
Q

Active transport

A

L-H
Moving a solute against its gradient
Transport protein involved: carrier proteins because channels move solutes down their gradient
ATP supplies energy for the process

43
Q

Proteins for:
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport

A

Diffusion: straight through membrane
Facilitated diffusion: channel and carrier proteins
Active transport: carrier protein

44
Q

Membrane potential

Which side of membrane is positive?

A

Voltage across a membrane

Outside

45
Q

Cations go

Anions go

A

Into

Out of

46
Q

What two forces drive diffusion of ions across the membrane?

What is combination of these forces called?

A 
Chemical force (ion's concentration gradient)
Electrical force (effect of membrane's potential on environment)
Electrochemical gradient
47
Q

Inside of cell is

Outside of cell is

A

Negative

Positive

48
Q

Exocytosis

A

Cell secrets certain molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane

49
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cell takes in molecules and matter by forming new vesicles from plasma membrane
3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

50
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Form of pinocytosis

Used to take in cholesterol in human cells

51
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cellular eating

52
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cellular drinking

53
Q

Amphipathic

A

Has both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region

54
Q

Membrane fluidity

A

Movement in and out of a membrane, how membranes move

55
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

The membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

56
Q

Integral proteins

A

Penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer

Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

57
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Not embedded in lipid bilayer at all, appendages loosely bound to surface of the membrane, often exposed to integral proteins

58
Q

Channel proteins

A

Function by having a hydrophilic channel that molecules or ions use as a tunnel through the membrane

59
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Hold onto their passengers and change shape in a way that moves them across the membrane

60
Q

Glycolipids

A

Covalently bonded to lipids (carbohydrates)

61
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Carbohydrates covalently bonded to proteins

62
Q

Transport protein

A

Channel across membrane

63
Q

Enzymatic activity

A

Carries out steps of a metabolic pathway

64
Q

Signal transduction

A

Receptor, signaling molecule

65
Q

Cell-cell recognition

A

Identification tags

66
Q

Intercellular joining

A

Hook together various kinds of junctions

67
Q

Attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM

A

Noncovalently bound to membrane proteins

Helps stabilize cell shape and stabilizes location of membrane proteins

68
Q

Nucleus

A

Surrounded by nuclear
envelope
Contains chromosomes made of chromatin

69
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Cis/trans faces

Modification of proteins, synthesis of polysaccharides, carbohydrates on proteins, phospholipids

70
Q

Lysosomes

A

Breaks down ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling

71
Q

Vacuole

A

Digests, stores, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth and protection

72
Q

Centrioles

A

In centrosome

73
Q

Nucleolus

A

Inside nucleus

rRNA is synthesized from instructions in the DNA

74
Q

Ribosomes

A

Made of rRNA and protein

75
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cellular respiration

76
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from substances to oxygen
Produces H2O2

77
Q

Microtubules

A

Thickest fiber that makes up cytoskeleton

Maintains cell shape, cell motility, organelle movements, and chromosome movements in cell division

78
Q

Cilia and Flagella

A

Microtubule containing extensions that project from some cells
Helps move cells
Anchored by basal body

79
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesis of lipids, detoxification of drugs/poison

80
Q

Rough ER

A

Aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes, produces new membranes

81
Q

Plastids (chromoplasts and leucoplasts)

A

Closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts

82
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of fibers extending throughout cytoplasm

Gives mechanical support to cell/maintains shape

83
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Photosynthesis

84
Q

Endomembrane system includes

A 
Nuclear envelope 
ER
Golgi
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
85
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Nuclear envelope connected to rough ER, which is connected to smooth ER
Membranes and proteins produced by ER flow in the form of transport vesicles to the Golgi
Golgi punched off transport vesicles
Lysosome is now available for fusion with another vesicle for digestion
Transport vesicles carry proteins to plasma membrane for secretion
Proteins are secreted by the cell

86
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

An early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell. The host cell and its endosymbiont merged into a single organism-eukaryotic cell with a mitochondria. Evidence: mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes, contain ribosomes, as well as DNA molecules, and they are independent organelles that grow and reproduce inside a cell

87
Q

Integral proteins

A

Penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bolster

88
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Not embedded in lipid bilayer at all, appendages loosely bound to surface of the membrane, often exposed to integral proteins

89
Q

Channel proteins

A

Function by having a hydrophilic channel that molecules use as a tunnel through the membrane

90
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Hold onto their passengers and change shape in a way that moves them across the membrane

91
Q

Difference between animal and plant cells

A

Plant cells:
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Large central vacuole
Plasmodesmata that pass through the cell walls
Animal cells:
Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions
Centrosome, intermediate filaments, and microvilli

92
Q

How does the fluid mosaic model describe the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Proteins in the membrane contribute to the mosaic quality of the membrane while the lateral and rotational movements of phospholipids contribute to its fluidity

Biology (16 decks)

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