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Biology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Autotroph

A

Self feeders

Sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other living things

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2
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Other feeders

Live on compounds produced by other organisms

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3
Q

Thylakoids

A

Sacs suspended within the stroma

Third membrane system

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4
Q

Mesophyll

A

Where chloroplasts are mainly found, tissue of the interior leaf

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5
Q

Stroma

A

Dense fluid, surrounded by an envelope of 2 membranes

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6
Q

Thylakoid space

A

Space inside the sacs that thylakoids segregate the stroma from

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7
Q

Plants are

A

Photoautotrophs

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8
Q

Decomposers

A

An organism whose function is to recycle nutrients by decomposition as it feeds on decaying organisms

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9
Q

__ enters the leaf, __ exits the leaf, by way of microscopic pores called the __

A

CO2
O2
Stomata

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10
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Green pigment, gives leaves color

Resides in thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast

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11
Q

Light energy absorbed from chlorophyll drives the synthesis of

A

Organic molecules in the chloroplast

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12
Q

Reactants of photosynthesis

A 
Carbon dioxide
Water
Light energy
6 CO2
6 H2O
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13
Q

Products of photosynthesis

A 
Glucose
Oxygen
Water
C6H12O6
6 O2
6 H2O
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14
Q

Where does the oxygen come from?

A

Oxygen given off by plants is derived from the water and not from the carbon dioxide. The chloroplast splits H2O into H and O. Plants split H2O as a source of electrons from H atoms, releasing O2 as a by product

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15
Q

Photosynthesis is an __ and a __ reaction

A

Endergonic

Redox

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16
Q

Electrons __ in potential energy as they move from H2O to sugar

A

Increase
Process requires energy
Endergonic reaction provided by light

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17
Q

Water is split and electrons are transferred with H ions from the H2O to the CO2…

A

Reducing it to sugar

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18
Q

A photosystem is composed of a protein complex called

A

A reaction-center complex surrounded by several light-harvesting complexes

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19
Q

Reaction-center complex

A

Organized association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules

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20
Q

Light-harvesting complexes

A

Consists of various pigment molecules bound to proteins

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21
Q

Primary electron acceptor

A

Molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced

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22
Q

Each photosystem (a reaction center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes) …

A

Functions in the chloroplast as a unit

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23
Q

Photosystem II (PS II)

A

Functions first in the light reactions

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24
Q

Light reactions convert

A

Solar energy to chemical energy

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25
Q

Light reactions and dark reactions

A

Light reactions require light to function

Dark reactions don’t require light

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26
Q

Light reactions

A

Water is split and provided a source of electrons and protons, gives off O2 as a by-product
Light absorbed by chlorophyll drives a transfer of the electrons and hydrogen ions from H2O to an acceptor: NADP+, where they are temporarily stored

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27
Q

Light reactions use

A

Solar energy to reduce NADP+ to NADPH by adding a pair of electrons along with an H+

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28
Q

Light reactions generate

A

ATP, using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP, which is a process called photophosphorylation

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29
Q

Light energy is initially converted into…

A

Chemical energy in the form of two compounds: NADPH and ATP

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30
Q

NADPH is a…

A

Source of electrons, and acts as “reducing power” that can be passed along to an electron acceptor, reducing it

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31
Q

ATP is the

A

Energy currency of cells

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32
Q

Calvin cycle produces

A

Sugar

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33
Q

Light reactions store chemical energy in __ and __, which shuttle the energy to the carbohydrate-producing __ cycle

A

ATP
NADH
Calvin

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34
Q

Calvin cycle begins

A

Incorporates CO2 from the air into organic molecules already present in the chloroplast

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35
Q

Carbon fixation

A

Initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds

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36
Q

Calvin cycle reduces

A

The fixed carbons to carbohydrate by the addition of electrons
Reducing power provided by NADPH

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37
Q

To convert CO2 to CH2O, the Calvin cycle requires

A

Chemical energy in the form of ATP, also generated by the light reactions

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38
Q

The Calvin Cycle can only make sugar with the help of

A

NADPH and ATP, produced by the light reactions

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39
Q

Calvin cycle does not require what directly?

A

Light

But can happen in light

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40
Q

Thylakoids are the site of

A

The light reactions

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41
Q

Calvin cycle occurs in the

A

Stroma

42
Q

On outside of thylakoids, molecules of NADP+ and ADP pick up

A

Electrons and phosphate, then ATP and NADPH are then released to the stroma

43
Q

Thylakoid has two type of photosystems that cooperate in the light reactions:

A

Photosystem II

Photosystem I

44
Q

Linear electron flow

A

Flow of electrons through the photosystems and other molecular components built into the thylakoid membrane
Occurs during the light reactions

45
Q

In some cases, photoexcited electrons can take an alternative path

A

Cyclic electron flow
Uses PS I, but not PS II
No production of NADPH and ATP and no release of O2

46
Q

Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by the same basic mechanism

A

Chemiosmosis

47
Q

Chemiosmosis

Step 1

A

Electron transport chain pumps protons (H+) across a membrane as electrons are passed through a series of carriers that are progressively more electronegative

48
Q

Chemiosmosis

Step 2

A

Transform redox energy to a proton-motive force, potential energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane

49
Q

Chemiosmosis

Step 3

A

An ATP synthase complex in the same membrane couples the diffusion of H ions down their gradient to the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

50
Q

Differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast
Phosphorylation
High energy electrons dropped down from the transport chain come from water
Mitochondria
Oxidative phosphorylation
High energy electrons are extracted from organic molecules, which are then oxidized

51
Q

Differences continued

A

Chloroplast
Do not need molecules from food to make ATP, their photosystems capture light energy and use it to drive the electrons from water to the top of the chain
Transforms light energy into chemical energy in ATP
Mitochondria
Uses food to make ATP
Uses chemiosmosis to transfer chemical energy from food molecules to ATP

52
Q

Differences overview

A

Spatial organization differs slightly

53
Q

Similarities overview

A

Electron carriers and ATP synthase complexes are very similar

54
Q

Similarities between cellular respiration and photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts
Thylakoid membrane pumps protons from stroma into the thylakoid space (interior of thylakoid), which serves as reservoir of H ions
Mitochondria
Inner membrane pumps protons from matrix out to the intermembrane space, which serves as reservoir of H ions

55
Q

Similarities continued

A 
Chloroplast 
ATP is synthesized as the H ions diffuse from the thylakoid space back to the stroma through ATP synthase complexes
Cycle is anabolic
Photosynthesis is endergonic 
Mitochondria
Protons diffuse down their concentration gradient from the intermembrane space through ATP synthase to the matrix, driving ATP synthase 
Cycle is catabolic
Respiration is exergonic
56
Q

Calvin cycle is anabolic

A

Because it builds carbohydrates from smaller molecules and consumes energy

57
Q

Carbon enters the cycle in the form of __ and leaves in the form of __

A

CO2

Sugar

58
Q

Cycle spends ATP as an energy source and consumes

A

NADPH as reducing power for adding high-energy electrons to make sugar

59
Q

3 Phases of Calvin Cycle

A
  1. Carbon fixation
  2. Reduction
  3. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor
60
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process that converts solar energy into chemical energy

Directly and indirectly nourishes almost entire living world

61
Q

Organic

A

From CO2

62
Q

Plants take hydrogen out of

A

H2O

Chemiosmosis

63
Q

Chloroplasts split

A

H2O into H and O2, using the electrons of H into sugar molecules and release O2 as a by-product

64
Q

Photosynthesis reverses the direction of electron flow compared to

A

Cellular respiration

65
Q

H2O is __ and CO2 is __

A

Oxidized

Reduced

66
Q

Calvin cycle puts

A

CO2 into photosynthesis

67
Q

Light reactions (in thylakoids)

A

Split H2O
Release O2
Reduce the electron acceptor NADP+ to NADPH
Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation

68
Q

Calvin Cycle (in the stroma)

A

Forms sugar from CO2 using ATP and NADPH

Begins with carbon fixation

69
Q

Thylakoids transform

A

Light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

70
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

Entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation

71
Q

Different pigments absorb

A

Different wavelengths

72
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

Measures a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths

73
Q

An absorption spectrum

A

A graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength

74
Q

Carotenoids

A

Accessory pigments

75
Q

Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by

A

Chemiosmosis but use different sources of energy

76
Q

Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food to ATP; chloroplasts

A

Transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP

77
Q

Spatial organization of chemiosmosis differs between chloroplasts and mitochondria, but

A

Also shows similarities

78
Q

In mitochondria, protons (hydrogen ions) are pumped…

In chloroplasts, protons are pumped…

A

To the intermembrane space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix
Into the thylakoid space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the stroma

79
Q

Calvin scale builds sugars from

A

Smaller molecules by using ATP and NADPH

Carbon enters and leaves as G3P

80
Q

On dry days, plants close stomata, which conserves

A

H2O, but limits photosynthesis

81
Q

Closing of stomata reduces

A

Access to CO2 and causes O2 to build up

Wasteful process called photorespiration

82
Q

Photosystems consist of

A

Chlorophyll molecules
Primary electron acceptor
Light harvesting complexes
Reaction center complex

83
Q

Why are most autotrophs referred to as the producers of the biosphere?

A

They are the ultimate sources of organic compounds for all nonautotrophic organisms

84
Q

G3P is used in what?

A

Production of cellulose, glucose, sucrose, starch, and the production of the cell walls in growing plants

85
Q

Where do the electrons entering photosystem II come first?

A

Water, comes from the splitting of water molecules

86
Q

The two photosystems work together in using light energy to generate

A

ATP and NADPH

87
Q

The most important role of pigments in photosynthesis is to

A

Capture light energy

88
Q

Pigments

A

Substances that absorb visible light

89
Q

When chloroplast pigments absorb light

A

Their electrons become excited

90
Q

The energy used to produce ATP in the light reactions of photosynthesis comes from

A

The movement of H+ through a membrane

Chemiosmosis

91
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis use chemiosmosis to produce ATP that will be used in the Calvin cycle. The electrochemical gradient that drives chemiosmosis is formed across which structure?

A

Thylakoid membrane

92
Q

The Calvin cycle incorporates each CO2 molecule, one at a time, by attaching it to a 5-C sugar named

A

ribulose bisphosphate

93
Q

What process is the most similar to photophosphorylation?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration

94
Q

During what process if molecular oxygen produced in photosynthesis?

A

The light reactions by linear electron flow

95
Q

What is the difference in carbon fixation between C3 and C4 plants?

A

The first product of carbon fixation in C4 plants is a 4 Carbon compound instead of a 3 Carbon compound

96
Q

Light reactions generate high energy electrons which end up in NADPH. The reactions also produce

A

ATP and Oxygen

97
Q

Calvin cycle occurs

A

In the stroma

98
Q

What occurs during the second phase (reduction phase) of the Calvin cycle?

A

G3P production

99
Q

When chloroplast pigments absorb light

A

Their electrons become excited

100
Q

Chlorophyll molecules are where?

A

In the thylakoid membrane

101
Q

Water is __, CO2 is __

A

Oxidized

Reduced

Biology (16 decks)

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