Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Who of credited with explaining the structure of the DNA double helix?

A

Watson and Crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is required for DNA replication?

A

RNA primer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Proteins that are involved in packaging the eukaryotic chromosome into “beads” called __ are __

A

Nucleosomes; histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Histones

A

Proteins that are responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Evidence to support that DNA strands run anti parallel to each other includes

A

Hydrogen bonding interactions
X-Ray measurement data
The nitrogenous bases are on the inside
Chargaff’s rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The information in DNA is contained in

A

The sequence of nucleotides along the length of the two strands of the DNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication is to

A

Attach free nucleotides to the new DNA strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Telomeres are

A

Repeating noncoding sequences at the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A virus that infects bacteria is called a __, which is made up of the macromolecules __ and __

A

Bacteriophage
DNA
Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

DNA polymerase are the enzymes that

A

Catalyze the addition of nucleotides to a preexisting chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When __ form after an exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, a __ can remove the damaged nucleotides and replace them with normal nucleotides

A

Thymidine dimers

Nucleotide excision repair enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A segment of the strand containing damage is

A

Cut out (excised) by a DNA-cutting enzyme — a nuclease — and the resulting gap is filled in with nucleotides, using the undamaged strand as a template

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Enzymes involved in filling the gap are

A

DNA polymerase

DNA kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nucleotide excision repair enzyme

A

DNA repair system

Enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Griffith showed that dead __ cells transform living __ cells into living __ cells

A

Pathogenic
Nonpathogenic
Pathogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The 5’ end of a DNA strand always has a free __ group while the 3’ end always has a free __ group

A

Phosphate

Hydroxyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Griffith showed that dead __ cells transform living nonpathogenic cells into __ cells

A

Pathogenic

Nonpathogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

DNA replication begins at a site called the origin of replication, forming a bubble, which is followed by a __, where parental strands are unwound by __

A

Replication forks

Helicases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Replication of a chromosome begins at a site called

A

Origin of replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Origins of replication

A

Short stretches of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why were so many of the early experiments on DNA carried out on viruses and bacteria?

A

They have relatively small genomes
Their chromosomes have a simpler structure
They have short generation times
They can interact with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The unwinding of DNA at the replication fork causes twisting and strain in the DNA ahead of the fork, which is revealed by an enzyme called

A

Topoisomerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Replication of the lagging strand of DNA is accomplished by repeatedly making __ followed by 1,000-2,000 nucleotide segments called

A

Short RNA primers

Okazaki fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the __ of the leading strands, and to the __ of the lagging strands (Okazaki fragments)

A

3’ end

3’ end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
In DNA, the two purines are __ and the two pyrimidines are __
Adenine and guanine | Cytosine and thymine
26
The two sugar-phosphate strands that form the rungs of a DNA double helix are joined to each other through __
Hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases
27
In DNA replication, the next nucleotide if incorporated into the growing polymer at the __ of the molecule by an enzyme called __
3’ (hydroxyl) end | DNA polymerase
28
DNA replication is correct
Helicases separate the two strands of the double helix, and DNA polymerase and then construct two new strands using each of the original strands as templates
29
Evidence to support that DNA strands run anti parallel to each other includes
Nitrogenous bases are on the inside Chargaff’s rules Hydrogen bonding interactions X-ray measurement data
30
The role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication is to
Attach free nucleotides to the new DNA strand
31
DNA replication
DNA is copied
32
Transformation
Change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell
33
Bacteriophages
Bacteria eaters
34
Virus
Little more than DNA or sometimes RNA enclosed by a protective coat, which is often protein -to produce more, viruses must infect a cell and take over the cell’s metabolic machinery
35
DNA composed of
Nitrogen containing base, penthouse sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group
36
Base compilation varies
Between species | But A=T and C=G
37
Antiparallel
The two sugar-phosphate backbones | Subunits run in opposite directions
38
Origins of replication
Replication of a chromosome begins at particular sites
39
At the end of a replication bubble is
A replication fork | Y-shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound
40
Helicases
Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the 2 parental strands and making them available as template strands
41
Function of helicases
Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks
42
Function of single-strand binding protein
Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it is used as a template
43
Function of topoisomerase
Relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
44
Function of primase
Synthesizes an RNA primer at 5’ end of leading strand and at 5’ end of each Okazaki fragment of lagging strand
45
Function of DNA pol III
Using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer of a preexisting DNA strand
46
Function of DNA pol I
Removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides
47
Function of DNA ligase
Joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand; on leading strand, joins 3’ end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand DNA
48
After the parental strands separate
Single-strand binding proteins bind to the unpaired DNA strands, keeping them from repairing
49
Topoimerase helps relieve this strain by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
Unwound parental DNA strands now available to serve as templates for the synthesis of new complementary DNA strands
50
Primer
RNA chains synthesized by enzyme—primase, which starts a complementary RNA chain from a singe RNA nucleotide, adding more RNA nucleotides 1 at a time, using parental DNA strand as template
51
Completed primer is
Base-paired to the template strand | New DNA will start from end of DNA primer
52
DNA polymerase
Enzymes that catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain Most require a primer and DNA template strand
53
Leading strand
Remains in the replication fork on that template strand and continuously adds nucleotides to the new complementary strand as the fork progresses
54
Lagging strand
Works along the other template strand in the direction away from the replication fork. DNA strand elongating in this direction
55
Leading strand elongated continuously, and lagging strand
Synthesized discontinuously, as a series of segments | Called Okazaki fragments
56
Enzyme DNA ligase
Joins the sugar phosphate backbone of all Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand
57
Upon finding an incorrectly paired nucleotide, the polymerase removes
The nucleotides and resumes synthesis
58
Mismatch pair
Other enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors
59
Nuclease
DNA cutting enzyme, cites out the strand containing damage and resulted gap is then filled with nucleotides, using undamaged strand as a template Called nucleotide excision repair
60
Mutations can
Change phenotype
61
Telomeres
Special nucleotide sequences on the ends of eukaryotic chromosomal DNA Don’t contain genes Consists of multiple repetitions of one shirt nucleotide sequence Don’t prevent erosion of genes near the ends of chromosomes; they postpone it Become shorter during every round of replication
62
Telomerase
Catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells
63
Chromatin
Complex of DNA and protein, fits into the nucleus through an elaborate system of packing
64
Histones
These proteins are responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin
65
Nucleosome
Basic unit of DNA packing
66
Heterochromatin
Interphase chromatin, visible as irregular clumps with a light microscope to distinguish it from the less compacted, more dispersed, euchromatin
67
Can only add to the
3’ end
68
5’ end
Open phosphate | Grow in 5’->3’ direction
69
Can have more than one
Replication forks
70
Single strand binding proteins
Bind to and stabilize single stranded DNA
71
Helicases
Enzymes that untwist the double helix of the replication forks
72
Topoisomerase
Corrects “overwinding” ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
73
Replication fork
Y shaped region where new DNA strands are elongating at end of each replication bubble
74
RNA primer provides
The beginning of a nucleotide
75
DNA polymerase cannot
Initiate synthesis of a polynucleotide; it can only add nucleotides to an existing 3’ end
76
Initial nucleotide strand is
A short RNA primer
77
Primase can
Start an RNA chain from scratch and add RNA nucleotides one at a time using the parental DNA as a template
78
Can only build on
3’ end
79
Polymerases catalyze
The elongation of new DNA at a replication fork | Most require a primer and a DNA template strand
80
Each nucleotide that is added to a growing DNA strand is a
Nucleoside triphosphate
81
Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA molecules have special nucleotide sequences at their ends called
Telomeres | Don’t prevent the shortening of DNA molecules but they postpone the erosion of genes near the ends of DNA molecules
82
Bacterial chromosome
Circular DNA, small amount of protein
83
Eukaryotic chromosomes
Linear DNA, large amount of protein

Biology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions