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Chapter 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who of credited with explaining the structure of the DNA double helix?

A

Watson and Crick

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2
Q

What is required for DNA replication?

A

RNA primer

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3
Q

Proteins that are involved in packaging the eukaryotic chromosome into “beads” called __ are __

A

Nucleosomes; histones

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4
Q

Histones

A

Proteins that are responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin

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5
Q

Evidence to support that DNA strands run anti parallel to each other includes

A

Hydrogen bonding interactions
X-Ray measurement data
The nitrogenous bases are on the inside
Chargaff’s rules

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6
Q

The information in DNA is contained in

A

The sequence of nucleotides along the length of the two strands of the DNA molecule

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7
Q

The role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication is to

A

Attach free nucleotides to the new DNA strand

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8
Q

Telomeres are

A

Repeating noncoding sequences at the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes

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9
Q

A virus that infects bacteria is called a __, which is made up of the macromolecules __ and __

A

Bacteriophage
DNA
Protein

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10
Q

DNA polymerase are the enzymes that

A

Catalyze the addition of nucleotides to a preexisting chain

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11
Q

When __ form after an exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, a __ can remove the damaged nucleotides and replace them with normal nucleotides

A

Thymidine dimers

Nucleotide excision repair enzyme

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12
Q

A segment of the strand containing damage is

A

Cut out (excised) by a DNA-cutting enzyme — a nuclease — and the resulting gap is filled in with nucleotides, using the undamaged strand as a template

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13
Q

Enzymes involved in filling the gap are

A

DNA polymerase

DNA kinase

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14
Q

Nucleotide excision repair enzyme

A

DNA repair system

Enzyme

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15
Q

Griffith showed that dead __ cells transform living __ cells into living __ cells

A

Pathogenic
Nonpathogenic
Pathogenic

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16
Q

The 5’ end of a DNA strand always has a free __ group while the 3’ end always has a free __ group

A

Phosphate

Hydroxyl

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17
Q

Griffith showed that dead __ cells transform living nonpathogenic cells into __ cells

A

Pathogenic

Nonpathogenic

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18
Q

DNA replication begins at a site called the origin of replication, forming a bubble, which is followed by a __, where parental strands are unwound by __

A

Replication forks

Helicases

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19
Q

Replication of a chromosome begins at a site called

A

Origin of replication

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20
Q

Origins of replication

A

Short stretches of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides

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21
Q

Why were so many of the early experiments on DNA carried out on viruses and bacteria?

A

They have relatively small genomes
Their chromosomes have a simpler structure
They have short generation times
They can interact with each other

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22
Q

The unwinding of DNA at the replication fork causes twisting and strain in the DNA ahead of the fork, which is revealed by an enzyme called

A

Topoisomerase

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23
Q

Replication of the lagging strand of DNA is accomplished by repeatedly making __ followed by 1,000-2,000 nucleotide segments called

A

Short RNA primers

Okazaki fragments

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24
Q

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the __ of the leading strands, and to the __ of the lagging strands (Okazaki fragments)

A

3’ end

3’ end

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25
Q

In DNA, the two purines are __ and the two pyrimidines are __

A

Adenine and guanine

Cytosine and thymine

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26
Q

The two sugar-phosphate strands that form the rungs of a DNA double helix are joined to each other through __

A

Hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases

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27
Q

In DNA replication, the next nucleotide if incorporated into the growing polymer at the __ of the molecule by an enzyme called __

A

3’ (hydroxyl) end

DNA polymerase

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28
Q

DNA replication is correct

A

Helicases separate the two strands of the double helix, and DNA polymerase and then construct two new strands using each of the original strands as templates

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29
Q

Evidence to support that DNA strands run anti parallel to each other includes

A

Nitrogenous bases are on the inside
Chargaff’s rules
Hydrogen bonding interactions
X-ray measurement data

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30
Q

The role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication is to

A

Attach free nucleotides to the new DNA strand

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31
Q

DNA replication

A

DNA is copied

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32
Q

Transformation

A

Change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell

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33
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Bacteria eaters

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34
Q

Virus

A

Little more than DNA or sometimes RNA enclosed by a protective coat, which is often protein
-to produce more, viruses must infect a cell and take over the cell’s metabolic machinery

35
Q

DNA composed of

A

Nitrogen containing base, penthouse sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group

36
Q

Base compilation varies

A

Between species

But A=T and C=G

37
Q

Antiparallel

A

The two sugar-phosphate backbones

Subunits run in opposite directions

38
Q

Origins of replication

A

Replication of a chromosome begins at particular sites

39
Q

At the end of a replication bubble is

A

A replication fork

Y-shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound

40
Q

Helicases

A

Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the 2 parental strands and making them available as template strands

41
Q

Function of helicases

A

Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks

42
Q

Function of single-strand binding protein

A

Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it is used as a template

43
Q

Function of topoisomerase

A

Relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

44
Q

Function of primase

A

Synthesizes an RNA primer at 5’ end of leading strand and at 5’ end of each Okazaki fragment of lagging strand

45
Q

Function of DNA pol III

A

Using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer of a preexisting DNA strand

46
Q

Function of DNA pol I

A

Removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5’ end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides

47
Q

Function of DNA ligase

A

Joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand; on leading strand, joins 3’ end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand DNA

48
Q

After the parental strands separate

A

Single-strand binding proteins bind to the unpaired DNA strands, keeping them from repairing

49
Q

Topoimerase helps relieve this strain by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

A

Unwound parental DNA strands now available to serve as templates for the synthesis of new complementary DNA strands

50
Q

Primer

A

RNA chains synthesized by enzyme—primase, which starts a complementary RNA chain from a singe RNA nucleotide, adding more RNA nucleotides 1 at a time, using parental DNA strand as template

51
Q

Completed primer is

A

Base-paired to the template strand

New DNA will start from end of DNA primer

52
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzymes that catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain
Most require a primer and DNA template strand

53
Q

Leading strand

A

Remains in the replication fork on that template strand and continuously adds nucleotides to the new complementary strand as the fork progresses

54
Q

Lagging strand

A

Works along the other template strand in the direction away from the replication fork. DNA strand elongating in this direction

55
Q

Leading strand elongated continuously, and lagging strand

A

Synthesized discontinuously, as a series of segments

Called Okazaki fragments

56
Q

Enzyme DNA ligase

A

Joins the sugar phosphate backbone of all Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand

57
Q

Upon finding an incorrectly paired nucleotide, the polymerase removes

A

The nucleotides and resumes synthesis

58
Q

Mismatch pair

A

Other enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors

59
Q

Nuclease

A

DNA cutting enzyme, cites out the strand containing damage and resulted gap is then filled with nucleotides, using undamaged strand as a template
Called nucleotide excision repair

60
Q

Mutations can

A

Change phenotype

61
Q

Telomeres

A

Special nucleotide sequences on the ends of eukaryotic chromosomal DNA
Don’t contain genes
Consists of multiple repetitions of one shirt nucleotide sequence
Don’t prevent erosion of genes near the ends of chromosomes; they postpone it
Become shorter during every round of replication

62
Q

Telomerase

A

Catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells

63
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of DNA and protein, fits into the nucleus through an elaborate system of packing

64
Q

Histones

A

These proteins are responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin

65
Q

Nucleosome

A

Basic unit of DNA packing

66
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Interphase chromatin, visible as irregular clumps with a light microscope to distinguish it from the less compacted, more dispersed, euchromatin

67
Q

Can only add to the

A

3’ end

68
Q

5’ end

A

Open phosphate

Grow in 5’->3’ direction

69
Q

Can have more than one

A

Replication forks

70
Q

Single strand binding proteins

A

Bind to and stabilize single stranded DNA

71
Q

Helicases

A

Enzymes that untwist the double helix of the replication forks

72
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Corrects “overwinding” ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

73
Q

Replication fork

A

Y shaped region where new DNA strands are elongating at end of each replication bubble

74
Q

RNA primer provides

A

The beginning of a nucleotide

75
Q

DNA polymerase cannot

A

Initiate synthesis of a polynucleotide; it can only add nucleotides to an existing 3’ end

76
Q

Initial nucleotide strand is

A

A short RNA primer

77
Q

Primase can

A

Start an RNA chain from scratch and add RNA nucleotides one at a time using the parental DNA as a template

78
Q

Can only build on

A

3’ end

79
Q

Polymerases catalyze

A

The elongation of new DNA at a replication fork

Most require a primer and a DNA template strand

80
Q

Each nucleotide that is added to a growing DNA strand is a

A

Nucleoside triphosphate

81
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA molecules have special nucleotide sequences at their ends called

A

Telomeres

Don’t prevent the shortening of DNA molecules but they postpone the erosion of genes near the ends of DNA molecules

82
Q

Bacterial chromosome

A

Circular DNA, small amount of protein

83
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes

A

Linear DNA, large amount of protein

Biology (16 decks)

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