Chapters 1-5 Flashcards
1
Q
Systems biology
A
Exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions
2
Q
Controlled experiment
A
Experiment that compares an experimental group to a controlled group
3
Q
Trace element
A
Required by an organism in minute quantities
ex: boron, copper, zinc
4
Q
Difference between hypotheses and theories
A
Hypothesis are narrow
Theories are broad
5
Q
Emergent properties vs. Reductionism
A
Emergent: small - large
Reduce: large - small
6
Q
In a water molecule, electrons…
A
Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, so the electrons of the covalent bonds spend more time closer to oxygen to hydrogen, creating polar covalent bonds
7
Q
Polar molecule
A
Overall charge is unevenly distributed
8
Q
Nonpolar molecule
A
Overall charge is evenly distributed
9
Q
Oxygen
A
Partially negative
10
Q
Hydrogen
A
Partially positive
11
Q
Total thermal energy
A
Depends on the matter’s volume
Ex: swimming pool as more thermal energy than a hot teapot
12
Q
Specific heat
A
Amount of heat that must be lost or absorbed for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1°C
13
Q
Polar covalent bonds
A
Electrons of the polar covalent bond spend more time near the oxygen than the hydrogen
Polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other
14
Q
Water’s pH is 7 (neutral) because
A
Concentrations of H and OH are equal
15
Q
pH greater than 7
A
Base
16
Q
pH less than 7
A
Acid
17
Q
For water to vaporize, which bonds have to be broken?
A
Hydrogen bonds
18
Q
In a single water molecule, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by
A
Polar covalent bonds
19
Q
How many hydrogen bonds can a single water molecule form?
A
4
20
Q
What is hydrogen bonding?
A
The slightly positive H of one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative O of a nearby molecule
21
Q
Cohesion
A
Particles of the same substance stick together
22
Q
Adhesion
A
One substance clings to another
23
Q
What does water’s High specific heat mean?
A
It means it takes a lot of heat for water to get hot
24
Q
How does hydrogen bonding contribute to water’s high specific heat?
A
The heat is used to disrupt hydrogen bonds before the water molecules can begin moving faster
25
Why does ice float?
Because water expands and becomes less dense as a solid than as a liquid
26
Solvent
The substance by dissolving
27
Solution
Homogenous mixture of two or more substances
28
Solute
Substance that is dissolved
29
Why is water a good solvent?
Water created a hydrogen shell - sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
30
Molarity
Number of moles of solute per liter of solution
31
Acid
A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
32
Base
A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
33
How many bonds can carbon form? How many valence electrons does carbon have? What type of bonds does carbon form?
4
| Single or double covalent
34
How can carbon skeletons differ?
Length, straight, branched, arranged in close rings, doubles bonds that vary in number and location, and other atoms can be bonded
35
What is a hydrocarbon?
Organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon
Nonpolar
Extremely hydroPHOBIC
36
Isomer
Compounds that have the same # of atoms in elements, but different structures, causing different functions
37
Isotope
Same atom with different number of neutrons
38
Functional group
Chemical groups that are directly involved in chemical reactions
The 7 groups are across the board and can be on any carbon skeleton
39
Hydroxyl (-OH)
Polar, due to electronegative oxygen, forms hydrogen bonds with water
40
Carbonyl (>C=O)
Double bond w/ O
| Sugars w/ ketone groups are called ketoses; those with aldehydes are called aldehydes
41
Carboxyl (-COOH)
Acts as an ACID
More polar, sticks to H2O because H2O is polar!
Like likes like!
42
Amino Group (-NH2)
Acts as a BASE
| Takes out hydrogen from solution
43
Sulfhydryl (-SH or HS-)
Sulfur will always be attached
| Two -SH groups can react, forming a "cross-link" that helps stabilize protein structure
44
Phosphate (-OPO3 2-)
Contributes negative charge
When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react w/ water, releasing energy
ATP
45
Methyl Group (-CH3)
Affects the expression of genes
| Affects the shape and function of sex hormones
46
Carbon mainly forms...
Covalent bonds
| Polar and nonpolar
47
Hydrocarbons are...
Extremely hydrophobic
48
Saturated
Holding as much as it can
| Solid at room temperature
49
Unsaturated
Means that there's a double bond because it's not holding as much as it can
Liquid at room temperature
50
"Big players"
CHON
51
Enzyme
Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
52
Carbohydrates
Includes sugars and polymers of sugars
| Simplest carbs. are monosaccharides
53
Glucose is a
MONOSACCHARIDE
54
Disaccharide
Two monomers joined by a glycosidic linkage, a covalent bond formed between 2 monomers
Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides
55
Lipids are insoluble!
Mix poorly, if at all, with water
HydroPHOBIC because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds
Cell membranes, fats, energy storage
56
Lipids are made of
Fatty acids
57
Carbohydrates are made of
Monosaccharides
58
Nucleic acids are made of
Nucleotides
59
Proteins are made of
Amino acids
60
Purines
Adenine
Guanine
5 membered ring
Small word big structure (double rings)
61
Pyrimidines
```
Cytosine
Thymine (in DNA)
Uracil (in RNA)
U replaced T in RNA
6 membered ring
Big word, small structure (single rings)
```
62
Sugars in DNA & RNA
Deoxyribose (DNA)
| Ribose (RNA)
63
Nucleotides use which type of sugar?
Pentose
64
How many different transfer RNAs are there?
20, because there are 20 different types of amino acids
65
Genome
All genes that you are made up of
66
Denature
Disrupting protein structure
67
Chaperonins
Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins
68
Types of proteins
```
Enzymatic
Defensive
Storage
Transport
Hormonal
Receptor
Contractile + Motor
Structural
```
69
Enzymatic (catalyst)
Selective acceleration of chemical reactions
| Ex: digestive enzymes catalyst the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules
70
Defensive
Protection against disease
| Ex: Antibodies inactive and help destroy viruses and bacteria
71
Storage
Storage of amino acids
| Ex: casein, protein of milk, is the main source of amino acids
72
Transport
Transport of substances across the membrane
| Ex: hemoglobin transports oxygen
73
Hormonal
Coordination of an organism's activities
74
Receptor
Response of cell to chemical
75
Contractile and motor
Movement
76
Structural
Support
77
All enzymes are __ but not all proteins are __
Catalytic
| Enzymes
78
Polypeptide
polymer of amino acids
79
Protein
Molecule that consists of on or more polypeptides
80
Carbohydrates include
Monosaccharides (monomer)
Polysaccharide (polymer)
Disaccharide
81
Saturated fats
Only single covalent bonds
82
Unsaturated fats
Double or triple bonds
Cis
Trans
83
Fish have
Unsaturated has kinks: helps when it gets cold, because they want to go together and the molecules slow down, but the kinks help them stay apart
84
Phospholipids
Head is polar (hydrophilic)
| Tail is nonpolar (hydrophobic)
85
Protein is
Chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
86
Primary structure
Specific arrangement of amino acids
87
Amino acids consist of
```
An amino group
Carboxyl group
A hydrogen
An R group
Central Carbon
(NCC BACKBONE)
```
88
There are 20 different monomers for amino acids
5 different monomers for nucleic acids
89
Difference between deoxyribose and ribose
Deoxyribose lacks an oxygen
| DEOXYribose
90
Transfer RNA
Brings amino acids to the ribosome during the synthesis of a protein
91
Peptide bond
A covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide
92
Fats have 2 kinds of small molecules
Glycerol + fatty acids
| Nonpolar C-H bonds in hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids are the reason fats are hydroPHOBIC
93
Unsaturated have what type of double bonds?
Cis double bonds
("X" is on both sides)
Nearly all the bonds in fatty acids
94
Trans double bonds
"X" is on different sides
95
Peptide bond is between
Amino acids
96
Dehydration reaction
Removes one water molecule + joins two monomers
97
Hydrolysis
Adds a water molecule and breaks apart polymers
98
Hydrophobic molecules are
Uncharged, repel water
99
Hydrophilic molecules are
Slightly charged and attracted to the slightly charged of water
100
Glycogen
Storage polysaccharide in animals
Stored in:
Liver and muscle cells
101
Starch
Storage polysaccharide of plant, consists entirely of glucose monomers
102
What do maltose, sucrose, and lactose have in common?
All disaccharides
103
Cellulose
Polysaccharide, major component of the rough wall of plant cells
104
Chitin
Structural polysaccharide (exoskeleton in bugs)
105
Cis double bond causes
Bending/kinks
106
The type of monomer is most important in
Lipids//diversity
107
Fats (lipids)
Energy storage
108
Adipose tissue
Cushions vital organs + insulates body
109
There is no phosphorous in
Proteins
110
Amino acids only differ in their
R groups
111
Secondary structure
Hydrogen bonding
Alpha helix-where it twists
B pleated sheet-where it folds
112
Tertiary structure
```
Polar forces, ionic bonds, covalent bonds
Interactions of R groups
Hydrophobic interactions
Van Der Waals interactions
Disulfide bridge
```
113
Quaternary structure
Chains interacting with each other
114
Denaturing
Disrupts protein structure
115
Chaperonins
Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins
116
DNA -> RNA
Transcription
117
RNA -> Protein
Translation
118
Peptides are
Chains of amino acids
119
What is ATP's importance in the cell?
ATP stores the potential to react with water
| Thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes
120
CO2 is considered
Inorganic because organic carbon always has a hydrogen atom covalently attached to it
121
Hydrogen bond
Attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom
122
Van der Waals interactions
Individually weak and occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together
Ever changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another
123
Chemical equilibrium
Reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal
124
Van der Waals interactions occur between
Positive and negative regions of molecules
125
Mass number
Proteins and neutrons
126
Atomic mass
Protons
127
Valence shell
Outer shell
128
Covalent bonds
Electrons are shared
129
Cohesion
Hydrogen bonds hold the substance together
130
Adhesion
Clinging of one substance to another
131
Glycosidic linkage
Covalent bonds that links monosaccharides
132
Peptide bond links
Amino acids (covalent bond)
133
Water’s high specific heat means what
It takes a lot of heat for water to get hot
134
Specific heat
The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1°C
135
How does water’s high specific heat contribute to the moderation of temperature?
The specific heat stabilizes ocean temperatures, keeps temperature fluctuations on earth within the limits that permit life, and organisms are able to resist changes in their own temperature
136
Polymer
Long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
137
Monomer
The building blocks that are repeated, smaller molecules
138
Large macromolecules fall into 4 main classes
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
139
Macromolecules are
Huge molecules that are polymers
140
Monomers are connected in what type of reaction?
Dehydration reaction - two molecules covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule
141
Polymers are converted to monomers in what type of reaction?
Hydrolysis - reverse of the dehydration reaction. The bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule
142
Amino acid
Has an amino group and a carbonyl group
143
Peptide bond is created by
Dehydration synthesis
144
Disulfide bridges
Covalent bonds
145
Structural isomers
Differ in covalent arrangements
146
Cis-trans isomer
Have covalent bonds to same atoms, but these atoms differ in their arrangements
147
Enantiomers
Mirror images
