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Biology > Chapters 1-5 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Systems biology

A

Exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions

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2
Q

Controlled experiment

A

Experiment that compares an experimental group to a controlled group

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3
Q

Trace element

A

Required by an organism in minute quantities

ex: boron, copper, zinc

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4
Q

Difference between hypotheses and theories

A

Hypothesis are narrow

Theories are broad

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5
Q

Emergent properties vs. Reductionism

A

Emergent: small - large
Reduce: large - small

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6
Q

In a water molecule, electrons…

A

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, so the electrons of the covalent bonds spend more time closer to oxygen to hydrogen, creating polar covalent bonds

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7
Q

Polar molecule

A

Overall charge is unevenly distributed

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8
Q

Nonpolar molecule

A

Overall charge is evenly distributed

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9
Q

Oxygen

A

Partially negative

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10
Q

Hydrogen

A

Partially positive

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11
Q

Total thermal energy

A

Depends on the matter’s volume

Ex: swimming pool as more thermal energy than a hot teapot

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12
Q

Specific heat

A

Amount of heat that must be lost or absorbed for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1°C

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13
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

Electrons of the polar covalent bond spend more time near the oxygen than the hydrogen
Polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other

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14
Q

Water’s pH is 7 (neutral) because

A

Concentrations of H and OH are equal

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15
Q

pH greater than 7

A

Base

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16
Q

pH less than 7

A

Acid

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17
Q

For water to vaporize, which bonds have to be broken?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

In a single water molecule, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by

A

Polar covalent bonds

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19
Q

How many hydrogen bonds can a single water molecule form?

A

4

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20
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A

The slightly positive H of one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative O of a nearby molecule

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21
Q

Cohesion

A

Particles of the same substance stick together

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22
Q

Adhesion

A

One substance clings to another

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23
Q

What does water’s High specific heat mean?

A

It means it takes a lot of heat for water to get hot

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24
Q

How does hydrogen bonding contribute to water’s high specific heat?

A

The heat is used to disrupt hydrogen bonds before the water molecules can begin moving faster

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25
Q

Why does ice float?

A

Because water expands and becomes less dense as a solid than as a liquid

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26
Q

Solvent

A

The substance by dissolving

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27
Q

Solution

A

Homogenous mixture of two or more substances

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28
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is dissolved

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29
Q

Why is water a good solvent?

A

Water created a hydrogen shell - sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

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30
Q

Molarity

A

Number of moles of solute per liter of solution

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31
Q

Acid

A

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

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32
Q

Base

A

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

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33
Q

How many bonds can carbon form? How many valence electrons does carbon have? What type of bonds does carbon form?

A

4

Single or double covalent

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34
Q

How can carbon skeletons differ?

A

Length, straight, branched, arranged in close rings, doubles bonds that vary in number and location, and other atoms can be bonded

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35
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon
Nonpolar
Extremely hydroPHOBIC

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36
Q

Isomer

A

Compounds that have the same # of atoms in elements, but different structures, causing different functions

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37
Q

Isotope

A

Same atom with different number of neutrons

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38
Q

Functional group

A

Chemical groups that are directly involved in chemical reactions
The 7 groups are across the board and can be on any carbon skeleton

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39
Q

Hydroxyl (-OH)

A

Polar, due to electronegative oxygen, forms hydrogen bonds with water

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40
Q

Carbonyl (>C=O)

A

Double bond w/ O

Sugars w/ ketone groups are called ketoses; those with aldehydes are called aldehydes

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41
Q

Carboxyl (-COOH)

A

Acts as an ACID
More polar, sticks to H2O because H2O is polar!
Like likes like!

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42
Q

Amino Group (-NH2)

A

Acts as a BASE

Takes out hydrogen from solution

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43
Q

Sulfhydryl (-SH or HS-)

A

Sulfur will always be attached

Two -SH groups can react, forming a “cross-link” that helps stabilize protein structure

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44
Q

Phosphate (-OPO3 2-)

A

Contributes negative charge
When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react w/ water, releasing energy
ATP

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45
Q

Methyl Group (-CH3)

A

Affects the expression of genes

Affects the shape and function of sex hormones

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46
Q

Carbon mainly forms…

A

Covalent bonds

Polar and nonpolar

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47
Q

Hydrocarbons are…

A

Extremely hydrophobic

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48
Q

Saturated

A

Holding as much as it can

Solid at room temperature

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49
Q

Unsaturated

A

Means that there’s a double bond because it’s not holding as much as it can
Liquid at room temperature

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50
Q

“Big players”

A

CHON

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51
Q

Enzyme

A

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

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52
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Includes sugars and polymers of sugars

Simplest carbs. are monosaccharides

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53
Q

Glucose is a

A

MONOSACCHARIDE

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54
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two monomers joined by a glycosidic linkage, a covalent bond formed between 2 monomers
Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

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55
Q

Lipids are insoluble!

A

Mix poorly, if at all, with water
HydroPHOBIC because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds
Cell membranes, fats, energy storage

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56
Q

Lipids are made of

A

Fatty acids

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57
Q

Carbohydrates are made of

A

Monosaccharides

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58
Q

Nucleic acids are made of

A

Nucleotides

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59
Q

Proteins are made of

A

Amino acids

60
Q

Purines

A

Adenine
Guanine
5 membered ring
Small word big structure (double rings)

61
Q

Pyrimidines

A 
Cytosine
Thymine (in DNA)
Uracil (in RNA)
U replaced T in RNA
6 membered ring
Big word, small structure (single rings)
62
Q

Sugars in DNA & RNA

A

Deoxyribose (DNA)

Ribose (RNA)

63
Q

Nucleotides use which type of sugar?

A

Pentose

64
Q

How many different transfer RNAs are there?

A

20, because there are 20 different types of amino acids

65
Q

Genome

A

All genes that you are made up of

66
Q

Denature

A

Disrupting protein structure

67
Q

Chaperonins

A

Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

68
Q

Types of proteins

A 
Enzymatic 
Defensive
Storage
Transport
Hormonal
Receptor
Contractile + Motor 
Structural
69
Q

Enzymatic (catalyst)

A

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

Ex: digestive enzymes catalyst the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules

70
Q

Defensive

A

Protection against disease

Ex: Antibodies inactive and help destroy viruses and bacteria

71
Q

Storage

A

Storage of amino acids

Ex: casein, protein of milk, is the main source of amino acids

72
Q

Transport

A

Transport of substances across the membrane

Ex: hemoglobin transports oxygen

73
Q

Hormonal

A

Coordination of an organism’s activities

74
Q

Receptor

A

Response of cell to chemical

75
Q

Contractile and motor

A

Movement

76
Q

Structural

A

Support

77
Q

All enzymes are __ but not all proteins are __

A

Catalytic

Enzymes

78
Q

Polypeptide

A

polymer of amino acids

79
Q

Protein

A

Molecule that consists of on or more polypeptides

80
Q

Carbohydrates include

A

Monosaccharides (monomer)
Polysaccharide (polymer)
Disaccharide

81
Q

Saturated fats

A

Only single covalent bonds

82
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Double or triple bonds
Cis
Trans

83
Q

Fish have

A

Unsaturated has kinks: helps when it gets cold, because they want to go together and the molecules slow down, but the kinks help them stay apart

84
Q

Phospholipids

A

Head is polar (hydrophilic)

Tail is nonpolar (hydrophobic)

85
Q

Protein is

A

Chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

86
Q

Primary structure

A

Specific arrangement of amino acids

87
Q

Amino acids consist of

A 
An amino group
Carboxyl group
A hydrogen
An R group
Central Carbon
(NCC BACKBONE)
88
Q

There are 20 different monomers for amino acids

A

5 different monomers for nucleic acids

89
Q

Difference between deoxyribose and ribose

A

Deoxyribose lacks an oxygen

DEOXYribose

90
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Brings amino acids to the ribosome during the synthesis of a protein

91
Q

Peptide bond

A

A covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide

92
Q

Fats have 2 kinds of small molecules

A

Glycerol + fatty acids

Nonpolar C-H bonds in hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids are the reason fats are hydroPHOBIC

93
Q

Unsaturated have what type of double bonds?

A

Cis double bonds
(“X” is on both sides)
Nearly all the bonds in fatty acids

94
Q

Trans double bonds

A

“X” is on different sides

95
Q

Peptide bond is between

A

Amino acids

96
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Removes one water molecule + joins two monomers

97
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Adds a water molecule and breaks apart polymers

98
Q

Hydrophobic molecules are

A

Uncharged, repel water

99
Q

Hydrophilic molecules are

A

Slightly charged and attracted to the slightly charged of water

100
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage polysaccharide in animals
Stored in:
Liver and muscle cells

101
Q

Starch

A

Storage polysaccharide of plant, consists entirely of glucose monomers

102
Q

What do maltose, sucrose, and lactose have in common?

A

All disaccharides

103
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide, major component of the rough wall of plant cells

104
Q

Chitin

A

Structural polysaccharide (exoskeleton in bugs)

105
Q

Cis double bond causes

A

Bending/kinks

106
Q

The type of monomer is most important in

A

Lipids//diversity

107
Q

Fats (lipids)

A

Energy storage

108
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Cushions vital organs + insulates body

109
Q

There is no phosphorous in

A

Proteins

110
Q

Amino acids only differ in their

A

R groups

111
Q

Secondary structure

A

Hydrogen bonding
Alpha helix-where it twists
B pleated sheet-where it folds

112
Q

Tertiary structure

A 
Polar forces, ionic bonds, covalent bonds 
Interactions of R groups
Hydrophobic interactions 
Van Der Waals interactions
Disulfide bridge
113
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Chains interacting with each other

114
Q

Denaturing

A

Disrupts protein structure

115
Q

Chaperonins

A

Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

116
Q

DNA -> RNA

A

Transcription

117
Q

RNA -> Protein

A

Translation

118
Q

Peptides are

A

Chains of amino acids

119
Q

What is ATP’s importance in the cell?

A

ATP stores the potential to react with water

Thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes

120
Q

CO2 is considered

A

Inorganic because organic carbon always has a hydrogen atom covalently attached to it

121
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom

122
Q

Van der Waals interactions

A

Individually weak and occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together
Ever changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another

123
Q

Chemical equilibrium

A

Reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal

124
Q

Van der Waals interactions occur between

A

Positive and negative regions of molecules

125
Q

Mass number

A

Proteins and neutrons

126
Q

Atomic mass

A

Protons

127
Q

Valence shell

A

Outer shell

128
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Electrons are shared

129
Q

Cohesion

A

Hydrogen bonds hold the substance together

130
Q

Adhesion

A

Clinging of one substance to another

131
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

Covalent bonds that links monosaccharides

132
Q

Peptide bond links

A

Amino acids (covalent bond)

133
Q

Water’s high specific heat means what

A

It takes a lot of heat for water to get hot

134
Q

Specific heat

A

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1°C

135
Q

How does water’s high specific heat contribute to the moderation of temperature?

A

The specific heat stabilizes ocean temperatures, keeps temperature fluctuations on earth within the limits that permit life, and organisms are able to resist changes in their own temperature

136
Q

Polymer

A

Long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

137
Q

Monomer

A

The building blocks that are repeated, smaller molecules

138
Q

Large macromolecules fall into 4 main classes

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

139
Q

Macromolecules are

A

Huge molecules that are polymers

140
Q

Monomers are connected in what type of reaction?

A

Dehydration reaction - two molecules covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule

141
Q

Polymers are converted to monomers in what type of reaction?

A

Hydrolysis - reverse of the dehydration reaction. The bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule

142
Q

Amino acid

A

Has an amino group and a carbonyl group

143
Q

Peptide bond is created by

A

Dehydration synthesis

144
Q

Disulfide bridges

A

Covalent bonds

145
Q

Structural isomers

A

Differ in covalent arrangements

146
Q

Cis-trans isomer

A

Have covalent bonds to same atoms, but these atoms differ in their arrangements

147
Q

Enantiomers

A

Mirror images

Biology (16 decks)

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