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Biology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Character

A

A heritable feature that varies among individuals

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2
Q

True breeding

A

Varieties that only produce the same variety as the parent plant
Parents will pass down a specific phenotype trait to their offspring

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3
Q

Truebred organisms

A

Will have a pure genotype and will only produce a certain phenotype

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4
Q

Hybridization

A

Mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties

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5
Q

P generation

A

True breeding parents (parental generation)

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6
Q

F1 generation

A

Hybrid offspring of p generation

First filial generation

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7
Q

F2 generation

A

Allowing the F1 hybrids to self pollinate produces this generation
(Second filial “son” generation)9

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8
Q

Allele

A

Alternative versions of a gene

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9
Q

Punnett square

A

Diagrammatic device for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup

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10
Q

Each somatic cell in a diploid organism

A

Has two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent

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11
Q

Dominant allele

A

Determines the organism’s appearance

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12
Q

Recessive allele

A

Has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance

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13
Q

First concept of Mendel

A

Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters

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14
Q

Second concept of Mendel

A

For each character, an organism inherits two copies (two alleles) of a gene, one from each parent

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15
Q

Third concept of Mendel

A

If two alleles at a locus differ, then one, the dominante allele, determines te organism’s appearance, the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance

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16
Q

Law of segregation

A

The two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

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17
Q

Homozygous

A

Pair of identical alleles for a character

18
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different alleles for a gene

19
Q

Phenotype

A

Organism’s appearance

Observable traits

20
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup

21
Q

Monohybrid

A

Heterozygous for the one particular character being following in the cross

22
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

Cross between heterozygotes

23
Q

Dihybrids

A

Individuals heterozygous for he two characters being followed in the cross

24
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A cross between F1 dihybrids

Can determine which of these two hypotheses is correct

25
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Two or more genes assort independently (each pair of alleles segregated independently of each other pair of alleles) during gamete formation

26
Q

Law of independent assortment applies to

A

Genes (allele pairs) locates on different chromosomes (on chromosomes that are not homologous) or to genes that are very far apart on the same chromosomes

27
Q

Multiplication rule

A

States that to determine the probability, we multiple the probability of one event by the probability of the other event

28
Q

Addition rule

A

The probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities

29
Q

Complete dominance

A

The phenotypes of the heterozygote and the dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

30
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Neither allele is completely dominant

31
Q

Codominance

A

Two alleles each affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

32
Q

Dominant is

A

Seen in the phenotype

Not because it subdues a recessive allele

33
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

Inherited disorder in humans

34
Q

Quantitative characters

A

Vary in the population in gradations along a continuum

35
Q

Quantitative variation usually indicates polygenic inheritance

A

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character

36
Q

Pedigree

A

Information about a family’s history for a particular trait and assembling this information into a family tree describing the traits of parents and children across the generations

37
Q

Carriers

A

Heterozygotes may transmit the recessive allele into their offspring and are called

38
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Lethal genetic disease

39
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Most common inherited disorder among people of African descent

40
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Can determine whether the developing fetus has Tay-Sachs disease

41
Q

Chorionic villis sampling (CVS)

A

A physician inserts a narrow tube through the cervix into the uterus and suctions out a tiny sample of tissue from the placenta

Biology (16 decks)

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