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Chapter 17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Polysomes may be described as

A

Groups of ribosomes

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2
Q

The function of tRNA during protein synthesis is to

A

Deliver amino acids to their proper site during protein synthesis

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3
Q

How many nucleotides are needed to code for a protein with 450 amino acids?

A

At least 1,350

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4
Q

Because codons are nucleotide triplets, the number of nucleotides making up a generic message must be

A

Three times the number of amino acids in the protein product

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5
Q

Bacteria can transcribe and translate human genes to produce functional human proteins because

A

The genetic code is nearly universal

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6
Q

Stop codons are unique because they

A

Do not code for amino acids that allow a releasing factor to bind to the A site of the ribosome

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7
Q

Final stage of translation

A

Termination

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8
Q

Elongation (in translation) continues until

A

A stop codon in the mRNA reaches the A site of the ribosome

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9
Q

Release factor

A

Bonds directly to the stop codon in the A site

Causes the addition of a water molecule to the polypeptide chain

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10
Q

In order for transcription to occur in that strand, there would have to be a specific recognition sequence, called a __, to the left of the DNA sequence indicated

A

Promoter

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11
Q

Promoter

A

The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

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12
Q

RNA polymerase binds

A

In a precise location and orientation on the promoter, determining where transcription starts and which of the two strands of the DNA helix is used as the template

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13
Q

Specific sequences of the nucleotides along the DNA mark

A

Where transcription begins

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14
Q

The TATA box is a __ that allows for the binding of __ and __

A

Eukaryotic promoter; transcription factors; RNA polymerase II

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15
Q

Transcription factors

A

Mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription
-after transcription factors are attached to the promoter, RNA polymerase II binds to it

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16
Q

Transcription initiation complex

A

The whole complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter

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17
Q

RNA molecules that function as enzymes are called

A

Ribozymes

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18
Q

The “triplet code” refers to the fact that

A

Three nucleotides code for a single amino acid

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19
Q

__ is the synthesis of a polypeptide using information in the mRNA

A

Translation

Cell translates the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

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20
Q

Sites of translation

A

Ribosomes

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21
Q

Generic information of eukaryotic cells is transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the form of

A

RNA

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22
Q

Nuclear envelope separates

A

Transcription from translation in space and time

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23
Q

Transcription occurs

A

In the nucleus

And then mRNA is then transported to cytoplasm, where translation occurs

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24
Q

An exception to the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis is

A

Not all genes code for enzymes; some genes code for structural proteins such as keratin

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25
Q

What is the proper order in the expression of a eukaryotic gene?

A

Transcription
RNA processing
Translation
Modification of protein

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26
Q

DNA ->

A

RNA -> PROTEIN

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27
Q

Genes program

A

Protein synthesis via genetic messages in the form of mRNA

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28
Q

The bonds that hold tRNA molecules in the correct three-dimensional shape are

A

Hydrogen bonds

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29
Q

Because the bacterial cell’s DNA is not surrounded by a nuclear envelope

A

Coupled transcription and translation occurs

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30
Q

The type of point mutation that results in a premature stop codon is called a

A

Nonsense mutation

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31
Q

Gene expression is

A

The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins

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32
Q

Eukaryotic processing of the primary transcript includes

A

The addition of a 5’ cap, a 3’ Poly-A tail, and the splicing out of introns

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33
Q

What is an example of a post-translational modification of a polypeptide?

A

Cleavage of a polypeptide into two or more chains

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34
Q

Nonsense mutations can

A

Also change a codon for an amino acid into a stop codon
Causes translation to be terminated early
Resulting polypeptide will be shorter than regular
Lead to nonfunctional proteins

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35
Q

In eukaryotic cells, a __ by a __ targets a growing peptide to the ER

A

Signal peptide

Signal-recognition particle

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36
Q

What best describes the arrangement of generic information in a DNA molecule?

A

The three-nucleotide words of a gene are arranged in a non overlapping series on the DNA template strand

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37
Q

Transcription is

A

The synthesis of RNA using information in the DNA

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38
Q

Insertions and deletions are called

A

Frameshift mutations

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39
Q

What is a key difference in gene expression between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

In prokaryotic cells, the mRNA transcript is immediately available as mRNA without processing

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40
Q

Who made the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis?

A

Beadle and Tatum

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41
Q

What catalyzes the linkage between ribonucleotides to form RNA during gene expression?

A

RNA polymerase

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42
Q

Gene expression

A

Process by which DNA directs synthesis of proteins

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43
Q

One gene-one enzyme hypothesis

A

Function of a gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme

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44
Q

Genes provide

A

Instructions for making specific proteins, but do not directly build proteins

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45
Q

RNA has

A

Uracil instead of T

Single stranded

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46
Q

DNA protein requires

A

Transcription and translation

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47
Q

Transcription

A

Synthesis of RNA using information in the DNA
Two nucleic acids (DNA&RNA) are written in different forms of the same language. Information is transcribed, rewritten, from DNA to RNA

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48
Q

DNA strand can

A

Serve as a template for assembling a complementary sequence of RNA nucleotides

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49
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Transcript of the gene’s protein building instructions

Carries a generic message from the DNA to the protein synthesizing machinery of the cell

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50
Q

Transcription is

A

The general term for synthesis of any kind of RNA on a DNA template

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51
Q

Translation

A

Synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in the mRNA

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52
Q

During this, the cell translates

A

The nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule into an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

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53
Q

Ribosomes are

A

The sites of translation, molecular complexes that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains

54
Q

Bacteria cell

A

Allows translation of mRNA to begin while is transcription is still in progress

55
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

Nuclear envelope separates transcription from translation in space and time

56
Q

Transcription occurs

A

In nucleus before RNA transcripts can leave the nucleus, they’re modified to produce mRNA
mRNA then transported to the cytoplasm

57
Q

Primary transcript

A

Initial RNA transcript from any gene

58
Q

Genes program

A

Protein synthesis via genetic messages in the form of messenger RNA
DNA RNA protein

59
Q

Triplet code

A

Generic instructions for a polypeptide chain are written in the DNA as a series of nonoverlapping, 3 nucleotide words
Transcribed into complementary series of nonoverlapping, 3 nucleotide words in mRNA, then into a chain of amino acids

60
Q

Template strand

A

For each gene, only one of 2 DNA strands is transcribed, provides the pattern (template) for the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript

61
Q

During transcription, the gene determines the

A

Sequence of nucleotide bases along the length of the RNA molecule that is being synthesized

62
Q

Codons

A

RNA nucleotide triplets, written in 5-3 direction

63
Q

An mRNA molecule is complementary rather than identical to its DNA template because

A

RNA nucleotides are assembled on the template according to base pairing rules

64
Q

The term codon is also used for

A

The DNA triplets along the nontemplate strand

65
Q

Reading frame

A

Correct groupings

66
Q

mRNA, carrier of information from DNA to the cell’s protein synthesizing machinery

A

Transcribed from the template strand of a gene

67
Q

RNA polymerase pries

A

The two strands of DNA part and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand, elongating the RNA polynucleotide
Assembles a polynucleotide only in its 5-3 direction
Can start a chain and initiates transcription

68
Q

Bacteria, the sequence that signals the end of transcription is called

A

Terminator

69
Q

Transcription unit

A

Stretch of DNA to un stream from the promoter that it transcribed into an RNA molecule

70
Q

Start point

A

The nucleotide where RNA synthesis actually begins
Promoter of a gene includes within it in the transcription and extends several dozen or more nucleotide pairs upstream from the start point

71
Q

Eukaryotic transcription factors

A

Mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription

72
Q

Transcription initiation complex

A

Whole complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase Is bound to the promoter

73
Q

TATA box

A

Shows the role of transcription factors and a crucial promoter DNA sequence

74
Q

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA

A

Untwists the double helix

Enzyme adds nucleotides to the 3 end of the growing RNA molecule as it continues along the double helix

75
Q

Bacteria transcription proceeds through

A

A terminator sequence in the DNA

76
Q

RNA processing

A

Both ends of the primary transcript are altered

77
Q

Poly A tail

A

At 3 end, enzyme adds 59-250 more nucleotides

78
Q

RNA splicing

A

Removal of large portions of the RNA molecule that is initially synthesized

79
Q

Introns

A

Noncoding segments of nucleic acids that lie between coding regions

80
Q

Exons

A

Other regions, they are eventually expressed, usually by being translated into amino acid sequences

81
Q

Spliceosome

A

Small RNAs and proteins, large complex
Binds to several short nucleotide sequences along an intron, including key sequences at each end
Intron released and spliceosome joins together 2 exons

82
Q

Ribozymes

A

RNA molecules that function as enzymes

83
Q

Alternative RNA splicing

A

Genes can give rise to 2 or more different polypeptides, depending on when segments are treated as exons

84
Q

Domains

A

Proteins often have a molecular architecture consisting of discrete structural and functional regions

85
Q

Exon shuffling

A

The presence of introns in a gene may facilitate the evolution of a new and potentially beneficial proteins

86
Q

Transfer RNA

A

The translator, series of codons along an mRNA molecule
Functions to transfer amino acids from the cytoplasmic pool of amino acids to a growing polypeptide in a ribosome
Each tRNA molecule translates a given mRNA coding into a certain amino acid

87
Q

Anticodon

A

Nucleotide triplet that basa pairs to a specific mRNA codon

88
Q

tRNA molecules are transcribed from

A

DNA templates

89
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

A

Correct matching up of tRNA and amino acid is carried

90
Q

Wobble

A

Flexible base pairing at this codon position

91
Q

Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA)

A

A ribosome that consists of a large subunit, each made up of proteins and one or more
Most abundant type

92
Q

P site (Peptidyl-tRNA binding site)

A

Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain, while the A site (aminoacyl-tRNA binding site) holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain

93
Q

Discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome from the

A

E site

94
Q

Signal peptide

A

Targets the protein to the ER

the polypeptides of proteins destined for the endomembrane sytem or for secretion are marked by

95
Q

Signal recognition particle

A

Protein RNA complex

96
Q

Polyribosomes (polysomes)

A

Strings of ribosomes

Enable a cell to make many copies of a polypeptide very quickly

97
Q

Mutations

A

Changes to genetic information, responsible for diversity

98
Q

Point mutation

A

Chanda in a single nucleotide pair of a gene

99
Q

Small-scale mutations

A

Single nucleotide pair substitutions
Nucleotide pair insertions or deletions
Can involve 1 or 2 pairs

100
Q

Nucleotide pair substitution

A

Replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

101
Q

Silent mutation

A

Change in nucleotide pair that may transform one codon into another that is translated into the same amino acid
Has no observant effect on the phenotype
Can occur outside genes as well

102
Q

Missense mutations

A

Substitutions that change one amino acid to another

Little effect on the protein

103
Q

Nonsense mutations

A

Point mutation that can also change a codon for an amino acid into a stop codon
Causes translation to end prematurely
Resulting polypeptide will be shorter than the polypeptide encoded by the normal gene
Lead to nonfunctional proteins

104
Q

Insertions and deletions are

A

Additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene
Often have a disastrous effect on resulting protein more often than substitutions do
Alter the reading frame of the generic message, the triplet grouping of nucleotides on the mRNA that’s read during translation
Frameshift mutation

105
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Occurs whenever the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of 3
Protein almost certain to be nonfunctional, unless frameshift very near end of gene

106
Q

Mutagens

A

Physical and chemical agents that cause mutations

107
Q

A gene is a region of DNA that can be expressed to

A

Produce a final functional product that is either a polypeptide or an RNA molecule

108
Q

Transcription into RNA then

A

Translation into a polypeptide that forms a protein or specific structure and function

109
Q

Ribozymes are

A

Catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes

110
Q

3 properties of RNA that enable it to function as an enzyme

A

Can form 3 dimensional structure because of its ability to base pair with itself
Some bases in RNA contain functional groups that may participate in catalysis
RNA may H-bond with their nucleic acid molecules

111
Q

Some introns contain sequences that

A

May regulate gene expression

112
Q

Alternative RNA splicing

A

Some genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide, depending on which segments are treated as exons during splicing

113
Q

Domains

A

Discrete regions

Proteins often have a modular architecture consisting of discrete regions

114
Q

Different exons code for

A

Different proteins

115
Q

Translation is

A

mRNA to protein

116
Q

tRNA helps

A

Cell translate an mRNA message into protein
Transfers amino acids
Carries anticodon

117
Q

Accurate translation

A

Correct match between tRNA and an amino acid, done by the enzyme aninoacyl tRNA synthetase
Correct match between the tRNA anticodon and mRNA codon

118
Q

Gene determines

A

Primary structure, and primary structure determines shape

119
Q

Bacteria transcription/translation

A

Can happen at the same time

120
Q

In eukaryotic cells, the nuclear envelope separates

A

Transcription/translation

121
Q

Point mutations

A

Chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene
Change of single nucleotide in a DNA template strand can lead to production of abnormal protein
Once mutation occurs, usually stays

122
Q

Nucleotide pair replaces

A

One nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

123
Q

Missense mutation

A

Still codes for an amino acid, but not the correct amino acid

124
Q

Silent mutation

A

No effect on the amino acid produced by a codon because of the redundancy of the genetic code

125
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Change an amino acid codon into a stop codon, nearly always leading to a nonfunctional protein

126
Q

Insertion/deletion

A

May alter the reading frame-frameshift mutation
Disastrous effect on the resulting protein more often than substitutions do
Additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene

127
Q

Possibility of amino acid changes

A

Maybe changes the secondary and tertiary, definitely changes the primary

128
Q

Spontaneous mutations can occur during DNA replication, recombination, or repair

A

.

129
Q

Gene is

A

A discrete unit of inheritance, region of DNA that can be expressed to produce a final functional product that is either a polypeptide or an RNA molecule

130
Q

Coding segments are

A

Exons

Biology (16 decks)

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