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Biology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Heredity (inheritance)

A

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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2
Q

Genetics

A

Scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation

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3
Q

Genes

A

Coded information in the form of hereditary units

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4
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells (vehicles that transmit genes from one generation to the next)

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5
Q

Somatic cells

A

All cells of the body, except the gametes and their precursors

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6
Q

Locus

A

A gene’s specific location along the length of a chromosome

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7
Q

Genome

A

Genetic endowment

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8
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

A single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes

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9
Q

The genomes of offsprings in asexual reproduction

A

Is virtually exact copies of the parent’s genome

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10
Q

Clone

A

An individual that reproduces asexually gives rise to a clone, a group of genetically identical individuals

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11
Q

Changes occur in asexually reproducing organisms as a result of

A

Mutations

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12
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

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13
Q

Life cycle

A

Generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism, from conception to production of its own offspring

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14
Q

In humans, somatic cells have

A

46 chromosomes

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15
Q

Karyotype

A

When images of chromosomes are arranged in pairs, starting with the longest chromosomes
Resulting, ordered display

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16
Q

Homologos chromosomes (homologs)

A

Two chromosomes of a pair have the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern
Both chromosomes of each pair carry genes controlling the same inherited characters

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17
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

The X and Y chromosomes

They determine an individual’s sex

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18
Q

Autosomes

A

All other chromosomes other than sex chromosomes

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19
Q

Our 46 chromosomes are from

A 
Two sets of 23 chromosomes
Maternal set (23) and paternal set (23)
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20
Q

The number of chromosomes in a single cell set is represented by

A

n

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21
Q

Diploid cell

A

Any cell with two chromosome sets (2n)

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22
Q

Gametes contain

A

A single set of chromosomes

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23
Q

Haploid cell

A

Single set of chromosomes (half) (n)

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24
Q

Fertilization

A

When a haploid sperm from the father fuses with a haploid egg from the mother
Culminating in fusion of their nuclei

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25
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

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26
Q

A zygote is a

A

Diploid because it contains two haploid sets of chromosomes with genes representing the maternal and paternal family lines

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27
Q

The only cells not produced by mitosis are

A

Gametes, which develop from specialized cells called germ cells in the gonads (ovaries and testes)

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28
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division
Happens in sexually reproducing organisms
Gamete formation
Reduces the number of sets of chromosomes from two to one in the gametes
Counterbalances the doubling that occurs in fertilization

29
Q

After fertilization, the diploid zygote

A

Divides by mitosis, producing a multicellular organism that is a diploid

30
Q

Alternation of generations

A

Plants and some species exhibit this
Second type of life cycle
Includes both diploid and haploid stages that are multicellular

31
Q

Multicellular diploid stage

A

Sporophyte

32
Q

Meiosis in the sporophyte produces haploid cells called

A

Spores

33
Q

Unlike a gamete, a haploid spore doesn’t fuse with another cell but divides mitotically, generating a multicellular haploid stage called

A

Gametophyte

Cells of this give rise to gametes by mitosis

34
Q

Sporophyte generation produces a gametophyte as its offspring, and

A

The gametophyte generation produces the next sporophyte generation

35
Q

Third type of life cycle

A

After gametes fuse and form a diploid zygote, meiosis occurs without a multicellular diploid offspring developing
Meiosis produces not gametes but haploid cells that then divide by mitosis and give rise to either unicellular descendants of a haploid multicellular organism

36
Q

Either haploid or diploid cells can

A

Divide by mitosis, depending on the type of life cycle

37
Q

Only diploid cells can

A

Undergo meiosis, because haploid cells have only a single set of chromosomes that cannot be further reduced

38
Q

Divisions of meiosis

A

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

Result in 4 daughter cells, each with only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell

39
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Two copies of one chromosome

40
Q

Sister chromatids make up

A

Sister chromatid cohesion

41
Q

The two chromosomes of a homologous pair are

A

Individual chromosomes that were inherited from different parents

42
Q

Different versions of a gene

A

Allele

43
Q

After interphase, the chromosomes have been duplicated and the sister chromatids are held together by proteins called

A

Cohesions

44
Q

Each gene on one homolog is aligned precisely with

A

The corresponding gene on the other homolog

45
Q

The DNA of two non sister chromatids (one maternal, one paternal) is broken by

A

Specific proteins at precisely corresponding points

46
Q

Synaptonemal complex

A

Zipper like structure

Holds one homolog tightly to the other

47
Q

Synapsis

A

The DNA breaks are closed up so that each broken end is joined to the corresponding segment of the nonsister chromatid

48
Q

A paternal chromatid is joined to a piece of maternal chromatid beyond

A

The crossover point, and vice versa

49
Q

Meiosis reduces

A

The number of chromosome sets from two (diploid) to one (haploid), whereas mitosis conserves the number of chromosome sets

50
Q

Meiosis produces cells that

A

Differ genetically from their parent cell and from each other

51
Q

Mitosis produces cells that

A

Are genetically identical to their parent cell and each other

52
Q

Events during meiosis I

A
  1. Synapsis and crossing over
  2. Homologous pairs at the metaphase plate
  3. Separation of homologs
53
Q
  1. Synapsis and crossing over
A

During prophase I, duplicated homologs pair up and crossing over occurs
Do not occur during prophase of mitosis

54
Q
  1. Homologous pairs at the metaphase plate
A

At metaphase I of meiosis, chromosomes are positioned at the metaphase plate as pairs of homologs, rather than individual chromosomes, as in metaphase of mitosis

55
Q
  1. Separation of homologs
A

At anaphase I of meiosis, the duplicated chromosomes of each homologous pair move toward opposite poles, but the sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome remain attached. In anaphase of mitosis, sister chromatids separate

56
Q

Sister chromatids stay together due to

A

Sister chromatid cohesion, mediated by cohesion proteins

57
Q

Chiasmata hold

A

Homologs together as the spindle forms for the first meiotic division

58
Q

At the onset of anaphase I, the release of cohesion along sister chromatid

A

Arms allows homologs to separate

59
Q

At anaphase II, the release of sister chromatid cohesion at the

A

Centromeres allows the sister chromatids to separate

60
Q

Meiosis I is the

A

Reductional division because it reduces the number of chromosome sets from two to one

61
Q

Three mechanisms contribute to the genetic variation arising from sexual reproduction

A

Independent assortment of chromosomes
Crossing over
Random fertilization

62
Q

Independent assortment of chromosomes`

A

Each homologous pair may orient with either its maternal or paternal homolog closer to a given pole

63
Q

Independent assortment

A

Because each pair of homologous chromosomes is positioned independently of the other parts of metaphase I, the first meiotic division results in each pair sorting its maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of every other pair

64
Q

Each daughter cell represents

A

One outcome of all possible combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes

65
Q

Crossing over

A

Produces recombinant chromosomes – individual chromosomes that carry genes derived from two different parents

66
Q

During meiosis, each of us produces a collection of gametes differing greatly in

A

Their combinations of chromosomes we inherited from our two parents

67
Q

Crossing over produces

A

Chromosomes with new combinations of maternal and paternal alleles

68
Q

Random fertilization

A

Adds to the genetic variation arising from meiosis

69
Q

Natural selection results in

A

The accumulation of genetic variations favored by the environment

Biology (16 decks)

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