Chapters 5,6,&8 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four main components of the integumentary system?
A
Hair, skin, nails, and glands
2
Q
What are the two major layers of the skin?
A
Epidermis and dermis
3
Q
Is the hypodermis part of the skin?
A
No
4
Q
What is the hypodermis made of?
A
Areolar and adipose tissue
5
Q
What are the functions of the hypodermis?
A
Store fat, anchor skin to underlying tissue, absorb shock, insulate
6
Q
Which epithelial cells make up the epidermis?
A
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
7
Q
What are the five layers of the epidermis? (Deep to superficial)
A
Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum
8
Q
Which epidermal layer is thickest?
A
Stratum corneum
9
Q
Which epidermal layer is only present in thick skin?
A
Stratum lucidum
10
Q
Most mitotic epidermal layer
A
Stratum basale
11
Q
What types of cells are present in the epidermis?
A
Keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkels cells, langerhans cells
12
Q
Which layer of the epidermis has dermal papillae?
A
Stratum basale
13
Q
Term meaning the older cells slough off
A
Desquamate
14
Q
How does the epidermis get nutrients?
A
Diffusion from the dermis
15
Q
What tissue types make up the dermis?
A
Areolar connective tissue and dense regular collagenous tissue
16
Q
What are the two layers of the dermis?
A
Papillary and reticular
17
Q
Superficial dermal layer, 20 percent of dermis and backs up against the stratum basale
A
Papillary layer
18
Q
Dermal layer with cleavage and flexure lines, 80 percent of dermis. Dense regular collagenous
A
Reticular layer
19
Q
Which muscle pulls on hairs in the skin?
A
Arrector pili muscle
20
Q
What are the four types of sweat glands?
A
Eccrine, apocrine, ceruminous, mammary
21
Q
Which glands are associated with follicles and release smelly sweat?
A
Apocrine glands
22
Q
Ceruminous glands secrete what?
A
Earwax
23
Q
Which gland looks like a bunch of grapes?
A
Sebaceous gland
24
Q
Which type of skin cancer metastasizes most quickly and is most dangerous?
A
Melanoma
25
Which type of skin cancer is most common and easily removed?
Basal cell carcinoma
26
Which type of skin cancer affects keratinocytes?
Squamous cell carcinoma
27
ABCDE rule of skin cancer
```
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diameter
Elevation
```
28
How much of the body must have a third degree burn to be considered serious?
10%, or anything on hands, face, or feet
29
Which type of burn blisters?
Second degree
30
How much of the body must be covered with second degree burns to be considered serious?
25%
31
Perichondrium structure
Irregular collagenous connective tissue that surrounds cartilage
32
Perichondrium function
Source of blood vessels and nerves around the bone, prevents cartilage expansion
33
Is perichondrium found around articular cartilage? Why or why not?
No, because it’s innervated, which would be very painful in joints where articular cartilage is found
34
Appositional growth
Grows from the outside, like putting on layers
35
Interstitial growth
Growth from the inside by secretion of new matrix
36
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
Upper and lower limbs, pelvis, shoulder girdle
37
What makes up the axial skeleton?
Skull, spine, sternum, rib cage, hyoid bone
38
Example of long bone
Femur, tibia, ulna
39
Short bone examples
Carpals and tarsals
40
Flat bone examples
Scapula and sternum
41
Irregular bone examples
Vertebral and facial
42
What do you call a bone embedded in a tendon?
Sesamoid bone
43
What are the functions of bones?
Support, protection, movement, storage (calcium), blood cell production
44
Why are bones considered organs?
Because they are several types of tissues working together to form a functional bone
45
What are the components of mature bone?
They contain lamellae, and have a compact and a cancellous (spongy) layer
46
What does immature bone contain?
Woven bone, which is not permanent. No lamellae. Will be remodeled into mature bone
47
What is the structural unit of mature bone?
Osteon
48
what are the three classifications of lamellae (from inside to outside)?
concentric, interstitial, circumferential
49
What do you call the central canal in the middle of an osteon?
Haversian canal
50
What type of canal lies at right angles to central canals?
Perforating canals
51
Cavities that contain osteocytes
lacunae
52
Name for small canals that that connect lacunae to central canals
canaliculi
53
Where do trabeculae form?
along lines of stress
54
Osteoblasts
immature bone cells, bone building, key for ossification
55
osteoclasts
mature bone cells, bone breakdown, necessary for mineral reabsorption
56
osteocytes
mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix, have lacunae
57
Fiber type of bone
collagen fibers
58
ground substance of bones
hydroxapatites, calcium, phosphates, proteoglycans and glycoproteins
59
Where is woven bone found?
fetal skeleton, growing long bones, and fractured/broken bones
60
What is the periosteum?
Layer of connective tissue that covers surface of long bones
61
What are the two layers of the periosteum and what are they made of?
Fibrous: dense irregular connective tissue
osteogenic: osteoblasts and osteoclasts
62
What does the endosteum cover?
trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the marrow cavities
63
How does the endosteum differ from the periosteum?
No fibrous layer, just osteoblasts and osteoclasts
64
Where is yellow marrow found?
medullary cavity
65
What is the function of sharpeys fibers?
Anchors periosteum to the bone
66
Where is red marrow found?
Hip bones
Head of femur and humerus
Diploë (spongy bone) of flat bones
67
lines, crests, and spines are all types of...
ridges
68
process, tubercule, tuberosity, and trochanter are all examples of...
projections
69
What are some words for openings?
Foramen, canal, fissure, sinus, labrynth
70
What are some words for depressions in bones?
fossa, notch, fovea, groove, ulcus
71
Which bones form from intramembranous ossification?
skull, clavicle, flat bones
72
Which bones form from endochondral ossification?
all bones from the base of skull down, minus the clavicle
73
What is growing when bones grow in length?
Cartilage in the epiphyseal plates is widening (interstitial)
74
What is happening when bones grow in width?
osteoblasts are secreting bone matrix, widening the bone from the inside out (apositional growth)
75
What is the difference between bone development and bone growth?
Bone development is the initial formation of the bone (fetal). Bone growth is the changing of that bone as it grows and matures
76
Which vitamins are necessary for bone growth?
Vitamins C (collagen) and D (calcium absorption)
77
A lack of what vitamin causes scurvy?
vitamin C
78
Rickets is caused by a lack of
Vitamin D
79
What is the basic idea of Wolff's law?
bones are laid down in lines of stress, so bones will be stronger in places that are repeatedly stressed (think weightlifting)
80
Calcitonin
Released by thyroid if blood calcium gets too high. Tells osteoblasts to deposit calcium into bones
81
Parathyroid Hormone
Released by parathyroid gland if blood calcium gets too low. Tells osteoclasts to break down bone to release calcium
82
Which two hormones function to regulate blood calcium levels?
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
83
Linear fracture
along long axis of bone (also called a stress fracture)
84
transverse fracture
perpendicular to long axis
85
What are the four steps of fracture repair?
hematoma formation
fibrocartilagenous callous formation
bony callous formation
bone remodeling
86
What happens in osteoporosis?
bone density is reduced, making bones brittle, porous and easily breakable
87
What is the name for a place where two bones come together?
articulation
88
Name the three structural joint classifications
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
89
name the three functional joint classifications
synarthrotic
amphiarthrotic
diarthrotic
90
A mostly non-movable, fibrous joint
synarthrotic
91
a slightly movable, usually cartilaginous joint
amphiarthrotic
92
a freely movable, usually synovial joint
diarthrotic
93
What are three characteristics of fibrous joints?
connected by fibrous tissue
no joint cavity
little to no movement
94
Name the three types of fibrous joints and give an example of each
suture: seams between skull bones
syndesmoses (bones farther apart and joined by ligaments): radioulnar syndesmosis
gomphoses:(peg in socket design) teeth in sockets
95
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints? Describe them and give an example of each
synchondrosis. Joined by hyaline, amphiarthrotic. epiphyseal plates
symphyses: fibrocartilage uniting two bones. pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
96
What are the characteristics of synovial joints?
freely moving, has a joint cavity, capsule, articular cartilage, and discs
97
Give an example of a plane/giding joint
intercarpals and articular processes between vertebrae
98
Give an example of a hinge joint
elbow and knee
99
Where is a saddle joint found?
Thumb (where carpal bone meets metacarpal)
100
Give an example of a pivot joint
radioulnar joint, articulation of C1 and C2
101
give an example of a ball and socket joint
shoulder, hip
102
give an example of an ellipsoid joint
Where C1 meets the skull and the knuckles
| modified ball and socket joint
103
What happens in flexion?
imaginary angle gets smaller
104
what happens in extension?
imaginary angle gets larger
105
pulling toes toward the shin is...
dorsiflexion
106
pointing the toes is...
plantar flexion
107
pronation is...
rotation of elbow or foot (for example, putting palm up)
108
supination is...
rotation of elbow or foot (putting palm down)
109
elevation and depression relate to
the scapuae and jaw (up and down)
110
protraction and retraction relate to...
scapulae and jaw (backwards and forwards)
111
excursion relates to...
moving the jaw to the right or the left
112
opposition and reposition relate to...
putting thumb to pinky and taking resetting back to normal
113
inversion and eversion relate to...
turning toes medially or laterally
114
What is an example of a sesamoid bone?
Patella
115
What is a cytoplasmic extension in bones?
When osteocytes share nutrients to other lacunae through the canaliculi
116
Mature bone organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers is called
Lamellae
117
Interconnecting rods or plates of bone that contain lamellae plus osteocytes in lacunae
Trabeculae
118
What is a synostosis?
A joint that ossifies
119
The menisci of the knee are made of what?
Fibrocartilage articular discs
