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A&P > Chapters 5,6,&8 > Flashcards

Chapters 5,6,&8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main components of the integumentary system?

A

Hair, skin, nails, and glands

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2
Q

What are the two major layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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3
Q

Is the hypodermis part of the skin?

A

No

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4
Q

What is the hypodermis made of?

A

Areolar and adipose tissue

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5
Q

What are the functions of the hypodermis?

A

Store fat, anchor skin to underlying tissue, absorb shock, insulate

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6
Q

Which epithelial cells make up the epidermis?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

What are the five layers of the epidermis? (Deep to superficial)

A 
Stratum basale 
Stratum spinosum 
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum 
Stratum corneum
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8
Q

Which epidermal layer is thickest?

A

Stratum corneum

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9
Q

Which epidermal layer is only present in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

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10
Q

Most mitotic epidermal layer

A

Stratum basale

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11
Q

What types of cells are present in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkels cells, langerhans cells

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12
Q

Which layer of the epidermis has dermal papillae?

A

Stratum basale

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13
Q

Term meaning the older cells slough off

A

Desquamate

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14
Q

How does the epidermis get nutrients?

A

Diffusion from the dermis

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15
Q

What tissue types make up the dermis?

A

Areolar connective tissue and dense regular collagenous tissue

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16
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary and reticular

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17
Q

Superficial dermal layer, 20 percent of dermis and backs up against the stratum basale

A

Papillary layer

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18
Q

Dermal layer with cleavage and flexure lines, 80 percent of dermis. Dense regular collagenous

A

Reticular layer

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19
Q

Which muscle pulls on hairs in the skin?

A

Arrector pili muscle

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20
Q

What are the four types of sweat glands?

A

Eccrine, apocrine, ceruminous, mammary

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21
Q

Which glands are associated with follicles and release smelly sweat?

A

Apocrine glands

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22
Q

Ceruminous glands secrete what?

A

Earwax

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23
Q

Which gland looks like a bunch of grapes?

A

Sebaceous gland

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24
Q

Which type of skin cancer metastasizes most quickly and is most dangerous?

A

Melanoma

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25
Q

Which type of skin cancer is most common and easily removed?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

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26
Q

Which type of skin cancer affects keratinocytes?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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27
Q

ABCDE rule of skin cancer

A 
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color
Diameter 
Elevation
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28
Q

How much of the body must have a third degree burn to be considered serious?

A

10%, or anything on hands, face, or feet

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29
Q

Which type of burn blisters?

A

Second degree

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30
Q

How much of the body must be covered with second degree burns to be considered serious?

A

25%

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31
Q

Perichondrium structure

A

Irregular collagenous connective tissue that surrounds cartilage

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32
Q

Perichondrium function

A

Source of blood vessels and nerves around the bone, prevents cartilage expansion

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33
Q

Is perichondrium found around articular cartilage? Why or why not?

A

No, because it’s innervated, which would be very painful in joints where articular cartilage is found

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34
Q

Appositional growth

A

Grows from the outside, like putting on layers

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35
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Growth from the inside by secretion of new matrix

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36
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Upper and lower limbs, pelvis, shoulder girdle

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37
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, spine, sternum, rib cage, hyoid bone

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38
Q

Example of long bone

A

Femur, tibia, ulna

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39
Q

Short bone examples

A

Carpals and tarsals

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40
Q

Flat bone examples

A

Scapula and sternum

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41
Q

Irregular bone examples

A

Vertebral and facial

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42
Q

What do you call a bone embedded in a tendon?

A

Sesamoid bone

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43
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

Support, protection, movement, storage (calcium), blood cell production

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44
Q

Why are bones considered organs?

A

Because they are several types of tissues working together to form a functional bone

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45
Q

What are the components of mature bone?

A

They contain lamellae, and have a compact and a cancellous (spongy) layer

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46
Q

What does immature bone contain?

A

Woven bone, which is not permanent. No lamellae. Will be remodeled into mature bone

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47
Q

What is the structural unit of mature bone?

A

Osteon

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48
Q

what are the three classifications of lamellae (from inside to outside)?

A

concentric, interstitial, circumferential

49
Q

What do you call the central canal in the middle of an osteon?

A

Haversian canal

50
Q

What type of canal lies at right angles to central canals?

A

Perforating canals

51
Q

Cavities that contain osteocytes

A

lacunae

52
Q

Name for small canals that that connect lacunae to central canals

A

canaliculi

53
Q

Where do trabeculae form?

A

along lines of stress

54
Q

Osteoblasts

A

immature bone cells, bone building, key for ossification

55
Q

osteoclasts

A

mature bone cells, bone breakdown, necessary for mineral reabsorption

56
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix, have lacunae

57
Q

Fiber type of bone

A

collagen fibers

58
Q

ground substance of bones

A

hydroxapatites, calcium, phosphates, proteoglycans and glycoproteins

59
Q

Where is woven bone found?

A

fetal skeleton, growing long bones, and fractured/broken bones

60
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Layer of connective tissue that covers surface of long bones

61
Q

What are the two layers of the periosteum and what are they made of?

A

Fibrous: dense irregular connective tissue
osteogenic: osteoblasts and osteoclasts

62
Q

What does the endosteum cover?

A

trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the marrow cavities

63
Q

How does the endosteum differ from the periosteum?

A

No fibrous layer, just osteoblasts and osteoclasts

64
Q

Where is yellow marrow found?

A

medullary cavity

65
Q

What is the function of sharpeys fibers?

A

Anchors periosteum to the bone

66
Q

Where is red marrow found?

A

Hip bones
Head of femur and humerus
Diploë (spongy bone) of flat bones

67
Q

lines, crests, and spines are all types of…

A

ridges

68
Q

process, tubercule, tuberosity, and trochanter are all examples of…

A

projections

69
Q

What are some words for openings?

A

Foramen, canal, fissure, sinus, labrynth

70
Q

What are some words for depressions in bones?

A

fossa, notch, fovea, groove, ulcus

71
Q

Which bones form from intramembranous ossification?

A

skull, clavicle, flat bones

72
Q

Which bones form from endochondral ossification?

A

all bones from the base of skull down, minus the clavicle

73
Q

What is growing when bones grow in length?

A

Cartilage in the epiphyseal plates is widening (interstitial)

74
Q

What is happening when bones grow in width?

A

osteoblasts are secreting bone matrix, widening the bone from the inside out (apositional growth)

75
Q

What is the difference between bone development and bone growth?

A

Bone development is the initial formation of the bone (fetal). Bone growth is the changing of that bone as it grows and matures

76
Q

Which vitamins are necessary for bone growth?

A

Vitamins C (collagen) and D (calcium absorption)

77
Q

A lack of what vitamin causes scurvy?

A

vitamin C

78
Q

Rickets is caused by a lack of

A

Vitamin D

79
Q

What is the basic idea of Wolff’s law?

A

bones are laid down in lines of stress, so bones will be stronger in places that are repeatedly stressed (think weightlifting)

80
Q

Calcitonin

A

Released by thyroid if blood calcium gets too high. Tells osteoblasts to deposit calcium into bones

81
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Released by parathyroid gland if blood calcium gets too low. Tells osteoclasts to break down bone to release calcium

82
Q

Which two hormones function to regulate blood calcium levels?

A

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

83
Q

Linear fracture

A

along long axis of bone (also called a stress fracture)

84
Q

transverse fracture

A

perpendicular to long axis

85
Q

What are the four steps of fracture repair?

A

hematoma formation
fibrocartilagenous callous formation
bony callous formation
bone remodeling

86
Q

What happens in osteoporosis?

A

bone density is reduced, making bones brittle, porous and easily breakable

87
Q

What is the name for a place where two bones come together?

A

articulation

88
Q

Name the three structural joint classifications

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

89
Q

name the three functional joint classifications

A

synarthrotic
amphiarthrotic
diarthrotic

90
Q

A mostly non-movable, fibrous joint

A

synarthrotic

91
Q

a slightly movable, usually cartilaginous joint

A

amphiarthrotic

92
Q

a freely movable, usually synovial joint

A

diarthrotic

93
Q

What are three characteristics of fibrous joints?

A

connected by fibrous tissue
no joint cavity
little to no movement

94
Q

Name the three types of fibrous joints and give an example of each

A

suture: seams between skull bones
syndesmoses (bones farther apart and joined by ligaments): radioulnar syndesmosis
gomphoses:(peg in socket design) teeth in sockets

95
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints? Describe them and give an example of each

A

synchondrosis. Joined by hyaline, amphiarthrotic. epiphyseal plates
symphyses: fibrocartilage uniting two bones. pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

96
Q

What are the characteristics of synovial joints?

A

freely moving, has a joint cavity, capsule, articular cartilage, and discs

97
Q

Give an example of a plane/giding joint

A

intercarpals and articular processes between vertebrae

98
Q

Give an example of a hinge joint

A

elbow and knee

99
Q

Where is a saddle joint found?

A

Thumb (where carpal bone meets metacarpal)

100
Q

Give an example of a pivot joint

A

radioulnar joint, articulation of C1 and C2

101
Q

give an example of a ball and socket joint

A

shoulder, hip

102
Q

give an example of an ellipsoid joint

A

Where C1 meets the skull and the knuckles

modified ball and socket joint

103
Q

What happens in flexion?

A

imaginary angle gets smaller

104
Q

what happens in extension?

A

imaginary angle gets larger

105
Q

pulling toes toward the shin is…

A

dorsiflexion

106
Q

pointing the toes is…

A

plantar flexion

107
Q

pronation is…

A

rotation of elbow or foot (for example, putting palm up)

108
Q

supination is…

A

rotation of elbow or foot (putting palm down)

109
Q

elevation and depression relate to

A

the scapuae and jaw (up and down)

110
Q

protraction and retraction relate to…

A

scapulae and jaw (backwards and forwards)

111
Q

excursion relates to…

A

moving the jaw to the right or the left

112
Q

opposition and reposition relate to…

A

putting thumb to pinky and taking resetting back to normal

113
Q

inversion and eversion relate to…

A

turning toes medially or laterally

114
Q

What is an example of a sesamoid bone?

A

Patella

115
Q

What is a cytoplasmic extension in bones?

A

When osteocytes share nutrients to other lacunae through the canaliculi

116
Q

Mature bone organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers is called

A

Lamellae

117
Q

Interconnecting rods or plates of bone that contain lamellae plus osteocytes in lacunae

A

Trabeculae

118
Q

What is a synostosis?

A

A joint that ossifies

119
Q

The menisci of the knee are made of what?

A

Fibrocartilage articular discs

A&P (10 decks)

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