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A&P > Chapters 17 and 18 > Flashcards

Chapters 17 and 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical secreted and responded to inside the body

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2
Q

What a pheromone?

A

A chemical released externally that communicates with others/environment

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3
Q

What is an autocrine signal?

A

A hormone that acts on the same cell type that secretes it (happens within the cell or tissue)

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4
Q

What is an example of an autocrine signal?

A

prostaglandin acting on vascular smooth muscle

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5
Q

What is a paracrine signal?

A

Affects a different cell type than the type that secreted it. Happens locally, not transported in the blood

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6
Q

What is an example of a paracrine signal?

A

release of somatostatin by the pancreas to inhibit insulin

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7
Q

Amplitude modulated signals

A

Endocrine regulated
More chemical = larger response
Slower response
Potentially longer duration

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8
Q

Frequency modulated signal

A

Nerve impulses
Multiple signals build action potential
Fast response
Short duration

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9
Q

Pattern one of hormone regulation and secretion

A

something other than a hormone acts on an endocrine gland, usually via negative feedback

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10
Q

pattern two of hormone regulation and secretion

A

neural control of an endocrine gland, such as sympathetic/parasympathetic responses

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11
Q

Give two examples of pattern two of hormone regulation

A

secretion of epinephrine by adrenal glands (sympathetic)

secretion of gastrin by the stomach for digestion (parasympathetic)

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12
Q

Pattern Three of hormone regulation and secretion

A

control of secretion of one endocrine gland by a hormone or neurohormone of another endocrine gland

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13
Q

another name for pattern three is..

A

a hormone cascade

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14
Q

Which hormones often function in pattern three?

A

reproductive and thyroid hormones

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15
Q

Give some examples of hormone control by negative feedback

A

calcium regulation by calcitonin and PTH or blood sugar regulation by insulin and glucagon

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16
Q

give some an example of hormone control by positive feedback

A

oxytocin causing more and more labor contractions

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17
Q

What is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands as pertains to ducts?

A

Endocrine glands do not have ducts, exocrine glands do have ducts because they secrete into cavities or onto body surfaces

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18
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

secreting digestive juices into the stomach

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19
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

secreting insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

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20
Q

What portion of the pancreas has endocrine functions?

A

pancreatic islets (Isles of Langerhans)

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21
Q

What type of cells in the pancreatic islets secrete hormones?

A

alpha, beta, and delta cells

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22
Q

explain the specificity of hormones

A

Hormones are specific because target organs have specific receptors for only those hormones. If no receptor, hormone will not bind and no change will take place

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23
Q

at what frequency are hormones secreted?

A

Based on bodily demands, usually not continuous

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24
Q

How do hormone responses compare to nervous responses?

A

Hormone responses usually take longer to start, but then last longer than nervous system responses

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25
What carries hormones to remote target organs?
the circulatory system
26
membrane bound hormone receptors
bound to plasma membrane, bind to water soluble and larger weight, non-steroid hormones
27
intracellular hormone receptors
receptors inside the cell that bind to lipid soluble hormones
28
antagonistic hormone pairs
hormones working in opposite conditions to one another to maintain homeostasis
29
examples of antagonistic hormone pairs
calcitonin and PTH | insulin and glucagon
30
synergistic hormone responses
hormones that work together to produce a response
31
example of synergistic hormones
FSH and testosterone working together for sperm cell production
32
Permissive hormone respones
hormone that enhances the target organ's responsiveness to another hormone
33
permissive hormone exampe
estrogen causing the uterus to make more receptors for progesterone
34
Down regulation
happens when too much hormone is circulating, number of receptors decreases in the target cell, becomes less sensitive to the stimulus
35
Up regulation
happens when too little hormone is circulating, number of receptors increases on the target cell, and the target cell becomes more sensitive to the stimulus
36
Which gland (be specific) secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?
the adrenal medulla
37
ADH: four questions
``` antidiuretic hormone Secreted: posterior pituitary Target organ: kidneys Effect: water retention Stimulus: dehydration/low BP, water levels in blood and blood volume ```
38
Cortisol: Four questions
Secreted: zona fasiculata of adrenal cortex Target organ: cells Effect: immune suppression, anti-inflammatory, increased fat/protein breakdown Stimulated by: ACTH
39
Growth Hormone: Four questions
Secreted: anterior pituitary Target organ: most tissues Effect: increased growth, metabolism stimulated Stimulated by: GHRH, stress, and low blood sugar
40
Aldosterone: Four questions
Secreted: zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex Target organ: kidneys Effect: conserve water and sodium, increase blood pressure Stimulated by: decreased BP and blood sodium
41
Glucagon: Four questions
Secreted: pancreas Target organ: liver and muscle cells Effect: increased blood sugar Stimulated by: low blood sugar
42
Insulin: Four questions
Secreted: pancreas Target organ: body cells Effect: decrease blood sugar Stimulated by: high blood sugar levels
43
which hormone is inhibited by drinking alcohol?
ADH
44
Which hormones are secreted because of low levels of thyroid hormone?
TRH and TSH
45
Which hormone is secreted because of low levels of reproductive hormones?
GnRH
46
name, target, and effects of ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone target: adrenal cortex, zona fasiculate effect: cortisol release
47
What is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
48
which part of the adrenal gland is stimulated during short term stress?
adrenal medulla
49
Which part of the adrenal gland is stimulated during long term stress?
adrenal cortex, zona fasiculata
50
what are the three zones of the adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa zona fasiculata zona reticularis
51
Function of the zona glomerulosa
releasing mineralcorticoids for electrolyte regulation
52
give an example of a mineralcorticoid
aldosterone
53
Function of the zona fasiculata
releasing cortisol
54
function of the zona reticularis
secretes adrogens (testosterone primarily)
55
Which endocrine gland is the master gland?
the pituitary gland
56
hormones of the hypothalamus always target the...
anterior pituitary
57
Portal system
hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system is a system that transmits hormones via a blood vessel network from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
58
where are anterior pituitary hormones made and secreted?
they are made in the anterior pituitary and secreted by the anterior pituitary
59
Tract system
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract system is continual nervous tissue that runs from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland. It transmits action potentials that release hormones
60
where are posterior pituitary hormones made and secreted?
they are made in the hypothalamus and secreted in the posterior pituitary
61
where are hypothalamus hormones made and secreted?
they are made in the hypothalamus and secreted in the hypothalamus
62
how are hormones dissolved and transported?
they are dissolved in blood plasma and distributed either in free form or bound to plasma proteins
63
What will decrease in plasma proteins mean for hormone levels?
It will mean a decrease in hormone levels, because free form hormones are likely to be filtered out of the blood by the liver and kidneys
64
What could liver injury do to hormone levels?
it could increase/change hormone levels because the free form hormones would not be filtered out as readily
65
Give examples of catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine
66
give examples of gonadotropins
testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, relaxin
67
name the seven hormones of the hypothalamus
``` growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) ```
68
name the two hormones of the posterior pituitary
``` antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin ```
69
name the seven hormones of the anterior pituitary
``` growth hormone (GH) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) prolactin ```
70
Tropic hormone
A hormone that triggers the secretion of other hormones
71
Which hormones have a shorter half life?
Water soluble hormones (proteins, catecholamines)
72
How does type two diabetes work?
Insulin insensitivity occurs due to extremely high sugar levels. Cells down regulate their insulin receptors
73
Which gland secretes tropic hormones?
Hypothalamus
74
ADH can also be called
Vasopressin
75
GH stimulates hormones of which organ
The liver
76
Thymus hormones deal with maturation and development of..
T-cells

A&P (10 decks)

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