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A&P > Chapters 17 and 18 > Flashcards

Chapters 17 and 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical secreted and responded to inside the body

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2
Q

What a pheromone?

A

A chemical released externally that communicates with others/environment

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3
Q

What is an autocrine signal?

A

A hormone that acts on the same cell type that secretes it (happens within the cell or tissue)

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4
Q

What is an example of an autocrine signal?

A

prostaglandin acting on vascular smooth muscle

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5
Q

What is a paracrine signal?

A

Affects a different cell type than the type that secreted it. Happens locally, not transported in the blood

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6
Q

What is an example of a paracrine signal?

A

release of somatostatin by the pancreas to inhibit insulin

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7
Q

Amplitude modulated signals

A

Endocrine regulated
More chemical = larger response
Slower response
Potentially longer duration

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8
Q

Frequency modulated signal

A

Nerve impulses
Multiple signals build action potential
Fast response
Short duration

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9
Q

Pattern one of hormone regulation and secretion

A

something other than a hormone acts on an endocrine gland, usually via negative feedback

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10
Q

pattern two of hormone regulation and secretion

A

neural control of an endocrine gland, such as sympathetic/parasympathetic responses

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11
Q

Give two examples of pattern two of hormone regulation

A

secretion of epinephrine by adrenal glands (sympathetic)

secretion of gastrin by the stomach for digestion (parasympathetic)

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12
Q

Pattern Three of hormone regulation and secretion

A

control of secretion of one endocrine gland by a hormone or neurohormone of another endocrine gland

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13
Q

another name for pattern three is..

A

a hormone cascade

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14
Q

Which hormones often function in pattern three?

A

reproductive and thyroid hormones

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15
Q

Give some examples of hormone control by negative feedback

A

calcium regulation by calcitonin and PTH or blood sugar regulation by insulin and glucagon

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16
Q

give some an example of hormone control by positive feedback

A

oxytocin causing more and more labor contractions

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17
Q

What is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands as pertains to ducts?

A

Endocrine glands do not have ducts, exocrine glands do have ducts because they secrete into cavities or onto body surfaces

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18
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

secreting digestive juices into the stomach

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19
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

secreting insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

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20
Q

What portion of the pancreas has endocrine functions?

A

pancreatic islets (Isles of Langerhans)

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21
Q

What type of cells in the pancreatic islets secrete hormones?

A

alpha, beta, and delta cells

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22
Q

explain the specificity of hormones

A

Hormones are specific because target organs have specific receptors for only those hormones. If no receptor, hormone will not bind and no change will take place

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23
Q

at what frequency are hormones secreted?

A

Based on bodily demands, usually not continuous

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24
Q

How do hormone responses compare to nervous responses?

A

Hormone responses usually take longer to start, but then last longer than nervous system responses

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25
Q

What carries hormones to remote target organs?

A

the circulatory system

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26
Q

membrane bound hormone receptors

A

bound to plasma membrane, bind to water soluble and larger weight, non-steroid hormones

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27
Q

intracellular hormone receptors

A

receptors inside the cell that bind to lipid soluble hormones

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28
Q

antagonistic hormone pairs

A

hormones working in opposite conditions to one another to maintain homeostasis

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29
Q

examples of antagonistic hormone pairs

A

calcitonin and PTH

insulin and glucagon

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30
Q

synergistic hormone responses

A

hormones that work together to produce a response

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31
Q

example of synergistic hormones

A

FSH and testosterone working together for sperm cell production

32
Q

Permissive hormone respones

A

hormone that enhances the target organ’s responsiveness to another hormone

33
Q

permissive hormone exampe

A

estrogen causing the uterus to make more receptors for progesterone

34
Q

Down regulation

A

happens when too much hormone is circulating, number of receptors decreases in the target cell, becomes less sensitive to the stimulus

35
Q

Up regulation

A

happens when too little hormone is circulating, number of receptors increases on the target cell, and the target cell becomes more sensitive to the stimulus

36
Q

Which gland (be specific) secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

the adrenal medulla

37
Q

ADH: four questions

A 
antidiuretic hormone
Secreted: posterior pituitary
Target organ: kidneys
Effect: water retention
Stimulus: dehydration/low BP, water levels in blood and blood volume
38
Q

Cortisol: Four questions

A

Secreted: zona fasiculata of adrenal cortex
Target organ: cells
Effect: immune suppression, anti-inflammatory, increased fat/protein breakdown
Stimulated by: ACTH

39
Q

Growth Hormone: Four questions

A

Secreted: anterior pituitary
Target organ: most tissues
Effect: increased growth, metabolism stimulated
Stimulated by: GHRH, stress, and low blood sugar

40
Q

Aldosterone: Four questions

A

Secreted: zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
Target organ: kidneys
Effect: conserve water and sodium, increase blood pressure
Stimulated by: decreased BP and blood sodium

41
Q

Glucagon: Four questions

A

Secreted: pancreas
Target organ: liver and muscle cells
Effect: increased blood sugar
Stimulated by: low blood sugar

42
Q

Insulin: Four questions

A

Secreted: pancreas
Target organ: body cells
Effect: decrease blood sugar
Stimulated by: high blood sugar levels

43
Q

which hormone is inhibited by drinking alcohol?

A

ADH

44
Q

Which hormones are secreted because of low levels of thyroid hormone?

A

TRH and TSH

45
Q

Which hormone is secreted because of low levels of reproductive hormones?

A

GnRH

46
Q

name, target, and effects of ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

target: adrenal cortex, zona fasiculate
effect: cortisol release

47
Q

What is secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

48
Q

which part of the adrenal gland is stimulated during short term stress?

A

adrenal medulla

49
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland is stimulated during long term stress?

A

adrenal cortex, zona fasiculata

50
Q

what are the three zones of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasiculata
zona reticularis

51
Q

Function of the zona glomerulosa

A

releasing mineralcorticoids for electrolyte regulation

52
Q

give an example of a mineralcorticoid

A

aldosterone

53
Q

Function of the zona fasiculata

A

releasing cortisol

54
Q

function of the zona reticularis

A

secretes adrogens (testosterone primarily)

55
Q

Which endocrine gland is the master gland?

A

the pituitary gland

56
Q

hormones of the hypothalamus always target the…

A

anterior pituitary

57
Q

Portal system

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system is a system that transmits hormones via a blood vessel network from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

58
Q

where are anterior pituitary hormones made and secreted?

A

they are made in the anterior pituitary and secreted by the anterior pituitary

59
Q

Tract system

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract system is continual nervous tissue that runs from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland. It transmits action potentials that release hormones

60
Q

where are posterior pituitary hormones made and secreted?

A

they are made in the hypothalamus and secreted in the posterior pituitary

61
Q

where are hypothalamus hormones made and secreted?

A

they are made in the hypothalamus and secreted in the hypothalamus

62
Q

how are hormones dissolved and transported?

A

they are dissolved in blood plasma and distributed either in free form or bound to plasma proteins

63
Q

What will decrease in plasma proteins mean for hormone levels?

A

It will mean a decrease in hormone levels, because free form hormones are likely to be filtered out of the blood by the liver and kidneys

64
Q

What could liver injury do to hormone levels?

A

it could increase/change hormone levels because the free form hormones would not be filtered out as readily

65
Q

Give examples of catecholamines

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

66
Q

give examples of gonadotropins

A

testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, relaxin

67
Q

name the seven hormones of the hypothalamus

A 
growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)
68
Q

name the two hormones of the posterior pituitary

A 
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
oxytocin
69
Q

name the seven hormones of the anterior pituitary

A 
growth hormone (GH)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
prolactin
70
Q

Tropic hormone

A

A hormone that triggers the secretion of other hormones

71
Q

Which hormones have a shorter half life?

A

Water soluble hormones (proteins, catecholamines)

72
Q

How does type two diabetes work?

A

Insulin insensitivity occurs due to extremely high sugar levels. Cells down regulate their insulin receptors

73
Q

Which gland secretes tropic hormones?

A

Hypothalamus

74
Q

ADH can also be called

A

Vasopressin

75
Q

GH stimulates hormones of which organ

A

The liver

76
Q

Thymus hormones deal with maturation and development of..

A

T-cells

A&P (10 decks)

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