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A&P > Chapters 13, 14, and 16 > Flashcards

Chapters 13, 14, and 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial Nerve I

A

Olfactory
Sensory
nose for smell

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2
Q

Cranial Nerve II

A

Optic
Sensory
eyes for vision

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3
Q

Cranial Nerve III

A

Oculomotor
Motor
eye muscles for movement

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4
Q

Cranial Nerve IV

A

Trochlear
Motor
eye muscles for movement

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5
Q

Cranial Nerve V

A

Trigeminal
Both
Motor: chewing muscles
Sensory: sensation from face, mouth, scalp, and tongue

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6
Q

Cranial Nerve VI

A

Abducens
Motor
eye muscles for eye movement

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7
Q

Cranial Nerve VII

A 
Facial
Both
Sensory: tongue for taste
Motor: 
-somatic: muscles of facial expression
-parasympathetic: salivary and lacrimal glands
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8
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear
Sensory
ear for hearing and balance

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9
Q

Cranial Nerve IX

A 
Glossopharyngeal
Both
Sensory: tongue for taste, throat sensation
Motor: 
-somatic: pharynx for swallowing
-parasympathetic: salivary glands
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10
Q

Cranial Nerve X

A

Vagus
Both
Sensory: pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera, tongue
Motor:
–somatic: pharynx for swallowing, larynx for voice production
–parasympathetic: thoracic and abdominal viscera

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11
Q

Cranial Nerve XI

A

Accessory
Motor
trapezius and scm muscles

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12
Q

Cranial Nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal
Motor
Tongue for speech, throat for swallowing

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13
Q

What area of the body has the best 2 point discrimination?

A

the tongue/mouth

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14
Q

which receptors monitor two point discrimination?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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15
Q

Tonic proprioceptors

A

slowly adapting and create action potentials as long as the stimulus is applied

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16
Q

what is an example of what a tonic proprioceptor does?

A

knowing where your hand is without looking at it

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17
Q

Phasic proprioceptors

A

quickly adjusting, and create action potentials only when a change occurs

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18
Q

what is an example of what a phasic proprioceptor does?

A

knowing where your hand is as its moving

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19
Q

proprioceptors are associated with

A

joints and tendons

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20
Q

Astrocytes

A

CNS, star shaped, most abundant, form blood brain barrier and control chemical environment around neurons

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21
Q

Microglia

A

CNS, specialized macrophages. Monitor health of neurons and phagocytize neuron debris

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22
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

CNS, squamous and columnar shaped, ciliated. Line cavities of brain and spinal cord, forms choroid plexus which secretes CSF

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23
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

CNS, form myelin sheath which allows AP’s to be conducted faster. Wrap around neuronal fibers

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24
Q

Satellite Cells

A

PNS, surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia, very little known about them

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25
Q

Schwann Cells

A

PNS, the oligodendrocytes of the PNS. form myelin sheath around PNS nerve fibers and aid in nerve regeneration

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26
Q

From which embryonic germ layer does the brain and spinal cord develop?

A

ectoderm

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27
Q

The prosencephalon is also known as the

A

forebrain

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28
Q

what two brain regions (and their areas) develop from the prosencephalon?

A

telencephalon –> cerebrum

diencephalon –> thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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29
Q

the mesencephalon is also known as the

A

midbrain

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30
Q

the rhombencephalon is also known as the

A

hindbrain

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31
Q

what two brain regions (and their subsequent areas) develop from the rhombencephalon?

A

metencephalon –> pons and cerebellum

myelencephalon –> medulla oblongata

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32
Q

what is the general sequence of events in the development of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Neural plate to neural fold to neural groove, which closes to give rise to the neural tube. The distal end is the spinal cord and the proximal end is the brain

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33
Q

What is the effector organ for the somatic nervous system?

A

skeletal muscle

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34
Q

How many neurons and synapses for somatic nerves?

A

one neuron and one synapse

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35
Q

Where are cell bodies located in the somatic nervous system?

A

the ventral horn of grey matter

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36
Q

Where do somatic neurons exit the spinal cord?

A

they can come off the cord at any level

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37
Q

what is the neurotransmitter for the somatic nervous system and what is the response?

A

acetylcholine, and the response is normally excitatory

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38
Q

What are the effector organs of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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39
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies are located in

A

the lateral horn of grey matter

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40
Q

sympathetic postganglionic cell bodies are located

A

in sympathetic chain ganglia or collateral ganglia

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41
Q

neurons and receptors of sympathetic preganglionic cells

A

neurons: cholinergic
receptors: nicotinic

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42
Q

neurons and receptors of sympathetic postganglionic cells

A

neurons: adrenergic
receptors: adrenergic

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43
Q

How many neurons and synapses in sympathetic nerves? Which is long and which is short?

A

Two neurons and synapses

The first one is short and the second one is long

44
Q

What is the exception to the “two neurons in a sympathetic nerve” rule?

A

sympathetic nerve to the adrenal gland. Only one neuron, which synapses on the adrenal gland and triggers the release of NE from the adrenal

45
Q

What are the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

ACh for the first neuron and NE for the second neuron

46
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord?

A

T1-L2

47
Q

What are the effector organs of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

48
Q

Where are parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies located?

A

nuclei of brainstem or lateral horns of grey matter in S2-S4

49
Q

where are parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies located?

A

terminal ganglia

50
Q

What are the lengths of the neurons in parasympathetic pathways?

A

First one is long, second one is short

51
Q

What neurotransmitters are released in parasympathetic pathways and what kind of receptors will they be acting on?

A

Pre and post ganglionic will both release ACh. The preganglionic will be acting on nicotinic cholinergic receptors, the postganglionic will be acting on muscarinic cholinergic receptors

52
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

53
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found? Are they excitatory or inhibitory?

A

all ANS postganglionic fibers, skeletal muscle fibers, and adrenal medulla
they are always excitatory

54
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found? are they excitatory or inhibitory?

A

found on autonomic effector organs (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands)
Can be excitatory or inhibitory (think parasympathetic responses)

55
Q

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha and beta

56
Q

What are the distinguishing features of alpha and beta receptors?

A

When NE binds to alpha receptors, the response is usually excitatory. When NE binds to beta receptors, the response is usually inhibitory

57
Q

What is different about beta receptors on cardiac muscle?

A

Instead of being inhibitory, NE acting on beta receptors of cardiac muscle will cause an excitatory response

58
Q

What contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

59
Q

What is the breakdown of nervous system organization?

A

Sensory afferent
and
Motor Somatic
Motor Autonomic

60
Q

What are the four parts of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

61
Q

Thalamus

A

largest part of the diencephalon, most sensory inputs go here before going to cerebrum, influences moods and actions

62
Q

Subthalamus

A

part of diencephalon that controls motor functions

63
Q

Epithalamus

A

controls sleep/wake cycle and smell and the emotional response to it

64
Q

Hypothalamus

A

smell/emotional response, endocrine control, muscle control, temperature regulation, food and water regulation, emotions, and sleep/wake cycle

65
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

66
Q

Midbrain

A

Auditory pathways, coordination of motor activities (Red nuclei), muscle tone and movement coordination (substantia nigra)

67
Q

Pons

A

sleep and respiration control

68
Q

medulla oblongata

A

heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, etc. Also has descending tracts for control of skeletal muscle

69
Q

What part of the brain is the Corpora quadrigemina found in and what does it do?

A

Midbrain, and it controls visual reflexes and hearing

70
Q

What are commissural fibers?

A

axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain

71
Q

What kind of tremors go with cerebellar dysfunction and why?

A

an intention tremor, because the cerebellum compares intended movement to actual movement

72
Q

What kind of tremors go with basal nuclei dysfunction and what condition is this linked with?

A

resting tremors that get better with purposeful movement. Parkinson’s disease

73
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

compression, bending, stretching

74
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature

75
Q

chemoreceptors

A

smell and taste

76
Q

photoreceptors

A

light (vision)

77
Q

nocioreceptors

A

pain

78
Q

exteroreceptors

A

any receptor associated with the skin

79
Q

visceroreceptors

A

any receptor associated with internal organs

80
Q

proprioreceptors (give examples)

A

associated with joints and tendons. examples: muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

81
Q

Upper motor neurons

A

tracts, descending, located in CNS

82
Q

lower motor neurons

A

nerves, descending, located in PNS

83
Q

What is lateralization?

A

each brain hemisphere specializing. For example, the right does creative, artistic, and musical things and the left does math and speech

84
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Maintains muscle tone in postural muscles, controls balance, coordinates eye movement

85
Q

What does the comparator function of the cerebellum do?

A

compares actual movement with intended movement (helps with fine motor coordination)

86
Q

What is accommodation?

A

decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus

87
Q

What is the cause of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Parkinsons is a breakdown/malfunction in the basal nuclei (deep within the cerebral hemispheres) which help in planning, organizing, and coordinating motor movements and posture

88
Q

Where is the premotor area of the brain located?

A

frontal lobe, anterior to primary motor cortex

89
Q

what does the premotor area of the brain do?

A

It is the planning and staging area for motor functions

90
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

91
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

initiation and control of motor movements

92
Q

Which area of the brain has the motor homunculus?

A

Primary motor cortex

93
Q

Where is the primary somatic sensory cortex located?

A

Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

94
Q

What sensations does the primary somatic sensory cortex deal with?

A

touch, temperature, pain, pressure, and proprioception

95
Q

What does the primary somatic sensory cortex do?

A

It percieves sensory input, identifies it, and projects it back to the area it originated from

96
Q

What area of the brain has the sensory homunculus?

A

primary somatic sensory cortex

97
Q

Where is the somatic sensory association area located?

A

parietal lobe next to PSSC

98
Q

What are the two types of general senses and what does each perceive?

A

somatic: touch, temp, pain, pressure, proprioception
visceral: internal organ sensations, mostly pain and pressure

99
Q

What are the special senses?

A

smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance

100
Q

What do free nerve endings perceive?

A

cold and warm sensations

101
Q

Which nerve endings detect light touch and superficial pressure?

A

merkels discs

102
Q

which mechanoreceptors detect light touch and bending of hair?

A

hair follicle receptors

103
Q

what do Pacinian corpuscles detect?

A

deep cutaneous pressure, vibration, proprioception

104
Q

what do ruffini’s end organ’s detect?

A

continuous touch or pressure

105
Q

What does the reticular activating system do?

A

helps maintain alertness and attention by way of auditory and visual stimuli

106
Q

What brain area is speech localized in?

A

left cerebral cortex

A&P (10 decks)

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