Chapters 13, 14, and 16 Flashcards
1
Q
Cranial Nerve I
A
Olfactory
Sensory
nose for smell
2
Q
Cranial Nerve II
A
Optic
Sensory
eyes for vision
3
Q
Cranial Nerve III
A
Oculomotor
Motor
eye muscles for movement
4
Q
Cranial Nerve IV
A
Trochlear
Motor
eye muscles for movement
5
Q
Cranial Nerve V
A
Trigeminal
Both
Motor: chewing muscles
Sensory: sensation from face, mouth, scalp, and tongue
6
Q
Cranial Nerve VI
A
Abducens
Motor
eye muscles for eye movement
7
Q
Cranial Nerve VII
A
Facial Both Sensory: tongue for taste Motor: -somatic: muscles of facial expression -parasympathetic: salivary and lacrimal glands
8
Q
Cranial Nerve VIII
A
Vestibulocochlear
Sensory
ear for hearing and balance
9
Q
Cranial Nerve IX
A
Glossopharyngeal Both Sensory: tongue for taste, throat sensation Motor: -somatic: pharynx for swallowing -parasympathetic: salivary glands
10
Q
Cranial Nerve X
A
Vagus
Both
Sensory: pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera, tongue
Motor:
–somatic: pharynx for swallowing, larynx for voice production
–parasympathetic: thoracic and abdominal viscera
11
Q
Cranial Nerve XI
A
Accessory
Motor
trapezius and scm muscles
12
Q
Cranial Nerve XII
A
Hypoglossal
Motor
Tongue for speech, throat for swallowing
13
Q
What area of the body has the best 2 point discrimination?
A
the tongue/mouth
14
Q
which receptors monitor two point discrimination?
A
Meissner’s corpuscles
15
Q
Tonic proprioceptors
A
slowly adapting and create action potentials as long as the stimulus is applied
16
Q
what is an example of what a tonic proprioceptor does?
A
knowing where your hand is without looking at it
17
Q
Phasic proprioceptors
A
quickly adjusting, and create action potentials only when a change occurs
18
Q
what is an example of what a phasic proprioceptor does?
A
knowing where your hand is as its moving
19
Q
proprioceptors are associated with
A
joints and tendons
20
Q
Astrocytes
A
CNS, star shaped, most abundant, form blood brain barrier and control chemical environment around neurons
21
Q
Microglia
A
CNS, specialized macrophages. Monitor health of neurons and phagocytize neuron debris
22
Q
Ependymal Cells
A
CNS, squamous and columnar shaped, ciliated. Line cavities of brain and spinal cord, forms choroid plexus which secretes CSF
23
Q
Oligodendrocytes
A
CNS, form myelin sheath which allows AP’s to be conducted faster. Wrap around neuronal fibers
24
Q
Satellite Cells
A
PNS, surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia, very little known about them
25
Schwann Cells
PNS, the oligodendrocytes of the PNS. form myelin sheath around PNS nerve fibers and aid in nerve regeneration
26
From which embryonic germ layer does the brain and spinal cord develop?
ectoderm
27
The prosencephalon is also known as the
forebrain
28
what two brain regions (and their areas) develop from the prosencephalon?
telencephalon --> cerebrum
| diencephalon --> thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
29
the mesencephalon is also known as the
midbrain
30
the rhombencephalon is also known as the
hindbrain
31
what two brain regions (and their subsequent areas) develop from the rhombencephalon?
metencephalon --> pons and cerebellum
| myelencephalon --> medulla oblongata
32
what is the general sequence of events in the development of the brain and spinal cord?
Neural plate to neural fold to neural groove, which closes to give rise to the neural tube. The distal end is the spinal cord and the proximal end is the brain
33
What is the effector organ for the somatic nervous system?
skeletal muscle
34
How many neurons and synapses for somatic nerves?
one neuron and one synapse
35
Where are cell bodies located in the somatic nervous system?
the ventral horn of grey matter
36
Where do somatic neurons exit the spinal cord?
they can come off the cord at any level
37
what is the neurotransmitter for the somatic nervous system and what is the response?
acetylcholine, and the response is normally excitatory
38
What are the effector organs of the sympathetic nervous system?
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
39
Sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies are located in
the lateral horn of grey matter
40
sympathetic postganglionic cell bodies are located
in sympathetic chain ganglia or collateral ganglia
41
neurons and receptors of sympathetic preganglionic cells
neurons: cholinergic
receptors: nicotinic
42
neurons and receptors of sympathetic postganglionic cells
neurons: adrenergic
receptors: adrenergic
43
How many neurons and synapses in sympathetic nerves? Which is long and which is short?
Two neurons and synapses
| The first one is short and the second one is long
44
What is the exception to the "two neurons in a sympathetic nerve" rule?
sympathetic nerve to the adrenal gland. Only one neuron, which synapses on the adrenal gland and triggers the release of NE from the adrenal
45
What are the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system?
ACh for the first neuron and NE for the second neuron
46
Where do sympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord?
T1-L2
47
What are the effector organs of the parasympathetic nervous system?
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
48
Where are parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies located?
nuclei of brainstem or lateral horns of grey matter in S2-S4
49
where are parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies located?
terminal ganglia
50
What are the lengths of the neurons in parasympathetic pathways?
First one is long, second one is short
51
What neurotransmitters are released in parasympathetic pathways and what kind of receptors will they be acting on?
Pre and post ganglionic will both release ACh. The preganglionic will be acting on nicotinic cholinergic receptors, the postganglionic will be acting on muscarinic cholinergic receptors
52
What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?
Nicotinic and muscarinic
53
Where are nicotinic receptors found? Are they excitatory or inhibitory?
all ANS postganglionic fibers, skeletal muscle fibers, and adrenal medulla
they are always excitatory
54
Where are muscarinic receptors found? are they excitatory or inhibitory?
found on autonomic effector organs (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands)
Can be excitatory or inhibitory (think parasympathetic responses)
55
What are the two types of adrenergic receptors?
alpha and beta
56
What are the distinguishing features of alpha and beta receptors?
When NE binds to alpha receptors, the response is usually excitatory. When NE binds to beta receptors, the response is usually inhibitory
57
What is different about beta receptors on cardiac muscle?
Instead of being inhibitory, NE acting on beta receptors of cardiac muscle will cause an excitatory response
58
What contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons?
Dorsal root ganglia
59
What is the breakdown of nervous system organization?
Sensory afferent
and
Motor Somatic
Motor Autonomic
60
What are the four parts of the diencephalon?
thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
61
Thalamus
largest part of the diencephalon, most sensory inputs go here before going to cerebrum, influences moods and actions
62
Subthalamus
part of diencephalon that controls motor functions
63
Epithalamus
controls sleep/wake cycle and smell and the emotional response to it
64
Hypothalamus
smell/emotional response, endocrine control, muscle control, temperature regulation, food and water regulation, emotions, and sleep/wake cycle
65
What are the three parts of the brainstem?
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
66
Midbrain
Auditory pathways, coordination of motor activities (Red nuclei), muscle tone and movement coordination (substantia nigra)
67
Pons
sleep and respiration control
68
medulla oblongata
heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, etc. Also has descending tracts for control of skeletal muscle
69
What part of the brain is the Corpora quadrigemina found in and what does it do?
Midbrain, and it controls visual reflexes and hearing
70
What are commissural fibers?
axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain
71
What kind of tremors go with cerebellar dysfunction and why?
an intention tremor, because the cerebellum compares intended movement to actual movement
72
What kind of tremors go with basal nuclei dysfunction and what condition is this linked with?
resting tremors that get better with purposeful movement. Parkinson's disease
73
mechanoreceptors
compression, bending, stretching
74
thermoreceptors
temperature
75
chemoreceptors
smell and taste
76
photoreceptors
light (vision)
77
nocioreceptors
pain
78
exteroreceptors
any receptor associated with the skin
79
visceroreceptors
any receptor associated with internal organs
80
proprioreceptors (give examples)
associated with joints and tendons. examples: muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
81
Upper motor neurons
tracts, descending, located in CNS
82
lower motor neurons
nerves, descending, located in PNS
83
What is lateralization?
each brain hemisphere specializing. For example, the right does creative, artistic, and musical things and the left does math and speech
84
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Maintains muscle tone in postural muscles, controls balance, coordinates eye movement
85
What does the comparator function of the cerebellum do?
compares actual movement with intended movement (helps with fine motor coordination)
86
What is accommodation?
decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus
87
What is the cause of Parkinson's disease?
Parkinsons is a breakdown/malfunction in the basal nuclei (deep within the cerebral hemispheres) which help in planning, organizing, and coordinating motor movements and posture
88
Where is the premotor area of the brain located?
frontal lobe, anterior to primary motor cortex
89
what does the premotor area of the brain do?
It is the planning and staging area for motor functions
90
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
91
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
initiation and control of motor movements
92
Which area of the brain has the motor homunculus?
Primary motor cortex
93
Where is the primary somatic sensory cortex located?
Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
94
What sensations does the primary somatic sensory cortex deal with?
touch, temperature, pain, pressure, and proprioception
95
What does the primary somatic sensory cortex do?
It percieves sensory input, identifies it, and projects it back to the area it originated from
96
What area of the brain has the sensory homunculus?
primary somatic sensory cortex
97
Where is the somatic sensory association area located?
parietal lobe next to PSSC
98
What are the two types of general senses and what does each perceive?
somatic: touch, temp, pain, pressure, proprioception
visceral: internal organ sensations, mostly pain and pressure
99
What are the special senses?
smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance
100
What do free nerve endings perceive?
cold and warm sensations
101
Which nerve endings detect light touch and superficial pressure?
merkels discs
102
which mechanoreceptors detect light touch and bending of hair?
hair follicle receptors
103
what do Pacinian corpuscles detect?
deep cutaneous pressure, vibration, proprioception
104
what do ruffini's end organ's detect?
continuous touch or pressure
105
What does the reticular activating system do?
helps maintain alertness and attention by way of auditory and visual stimuli
106
What brain area is speech localized in?
left cerebral cortex
