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BI 211 > Chapters 11 and 16 > Flashcards

Chapters 11 and 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosome

A

Structure found inside the nucleus of a cell. A chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes. Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

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2
Q

Diploid

A

A cell that contains two copies of each chromosomes.

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3
Q

Haploid

A

Presence of a single set of chromosomes in organisms cells. Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid. In humans, only the egg and sperm cells are haploid.

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4
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes in a pair, normally one inherited from mother and one from the father.

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5
Q

Heredity

A

The sun of all biological processes by which particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring.

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6
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of jeans and heredity- of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence.

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7
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Worked in 1860’s. Was the first person to analyze patterns of inheritance. Deduced the fundamental principles of genetics.

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8
Q

Traits

A

Specific characteristics of an individual.

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9
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring of parents are different and genetically determined treats. The parents may be of different species, genera, or (rarely) families.

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10
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical appearance of an organism.

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11
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of DNA.

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12
Q

True-breeding

A

Produces only offspring that express the same phenotype generation after generation.

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13
Q

Crossing

A

To deliberate breeding of two individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent.

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14
Q

P generation

A

The parental generation are genetically pure individuals.

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15
Q

F1 generation

A

First filial generation. The initial cross between two genetically distinct plants.

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16
Q

F2 generation

A

Second filial generation of individuals which arises as a result of inbreeding amongst individuals of F1 generation.

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17
Q

Allele

A

Alternate versions of the same gene.

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18
Q

Dominant allele

A

Exert its affect whenever it is present.

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19
Q

Recessive allele

A

One who’s effects are masked

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20
Q

Homozygous

A

An organism is homozygous for that allele if both alleles are identical.

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21
Q

Heterozygous

A

An organism is heterozygous for that gene if the alleles are different.

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22
Q

Homozygous dominant

A

An organism carries two copies of the same dominant allele.

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23
Q

Homozygous recessive

A

An organism carries two copies of the same recessive allele.

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24
Q

Locus

A

The site a gene occupies in the chromosome.

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25
Q

Principle of segregation

A

Describes how how pairs of gene variants are separated into reproductive cells.

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26
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

The hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait.

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27
Q

Punnet square

A

Used to track the possible genotypic (genes) and phenotypic (appearance) outcomes of mating.

28
Q

Phenotypic ratio

A

The relative number of offspring manifesting in a particular trait or combination of traits.

29
Q

Genotypic ratio

A

The ratio of different genotypes in the offspring from a genetic cross.

30
Q

Test cross

A

A cross between a homozygous genetic individual and a corresponding suspected heterozygote to determine the genotype of the latter.

31
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Breeding experiment between two organisms which are identical hybrids for two traits.

32
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.

33
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes that do not independently assort, because they are going on the same chromosome (can’t do a dihybrid cross!)

34
Q

Autosome

A

One of the numbered chromosomes, as opposed to the sex chromosomes. (22 pairs)

35
Q

Sex chromosome

A

A type of chromosome involved in sex determination.

1pair

36
Q

Sex

A

Sex of humans and other mammals is determined by the sex chromosomes - X, Y chromosomes

37
Q

Barr body

A

A densely staining inactivated condensed X chromosome that is present in each somatic cell of most female mammals and is used in test of genetic femaleness (as in a fetus). Also called sex chromatin.

38
Q

X-linked gene

A

Any gene located on a sex chromosome. Most are found on the X chromosome

39
Q

Red-green colorblindness

A

A common human sex-linked disorder. A form of colorblindness in which red and green are perceived as identical.

40
Q

Hemizygous

A

The presence of two identical alleles at a particular gene locus.

41
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype. Partial dominance.

42
Q

Codominance

A

The heterozygote simultaneously expresses phenotypes of both homozygotes.

43
Q

ABO blood groups

A

A system used to group human blood into different types, based on the presence r absence of certain marker on the surface of red blood cells.

44
Q

Pleiotropy

A

Multiple effects of a single human gene

45
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

The additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotype.

46
Q

Karyotype

A

Visualizes an individual’s chromosome composition

47
Q

Pedigree

A

A “family tree” that shows inheritance patterns within a family over generations.

48
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

A single copy of a mutation on an autosomal chromosome is sufficient to cause disease.

49
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

Two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop.

50
Q

X-linked recessive

A

Genetic conditions associated with mutations in genes on the X chromosome.

51
Q

Human genome project

A

International, collaborative research program who’s goal was the complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of human beings. All genes together are known as “genome”

52
Q

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

A

A variation at a single position in a DNA sequence among individuals.

53
Q

Polyploidy

A

Presence of multiple sets of chromosomes

54
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Abnormalities caused by the presence of a single extra chromosome (trisomy, 2n+1) or the absence of a single chromosome (monopsony, 2n-1)

55
Q

Nondisjunction

A

The failure of chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes.

56
Q

Down syndrome

A

A condition in which an individual has an extra chromosome 21, and affects about one out of every 700 children.

57
Q

Recombination

A

Pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new combinations of alleles.

58
Q

Duplication

A

Type of mutation in which one or more copies of DNA segment.

59
Q

Inversion

A

Chromosomal defect in which a segment of the chromosome breaks off and reattaches in the reverse direction.

60
Q

Deletion

A

A type of genetic change that involves the absence of a segment of DNA

61
Q

Reciprocal translocation

A

Occurs when part of one chromosome is exchanged with another.

62
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

A genetic conditions that causes a range of developmental problems including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment.

63
Q

Sickle Cell Disease

A

An inherited disease in which the red blood cells have an abnormal crescent shape, block small blood vessels, and do not last as long as normal red blood cells

64
Q

Substitution

A

A type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide.

65
Q

Gene therapy

A

A technique that modifies a persons genes to treat or cure disease.

BI 211 (9 decks)

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