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BI 211 > Chapter 2 & 3 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 2 & 3 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

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2
Q

Solid

A

A sample of matter that contains its shape and density when not confined.

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3
Q

Liquid

A

A substance that flows freely but is of constant volume.

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4
Q

Gas

A

A substance or matter in a state in which it will expand freely to fill the whole of a container, having no fixed shape and no fixed volume.

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5
Q

Element

A

A substance that cannot be changed to a simpler substance by normal chemical reaction.

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6
Q

Periodic table

A

A chart of the elements arranged in order by atomic number.

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7
Q

Atom

A

The smallest quantity of an element that retains the chemical properties of the element.

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8
Q

Subatomic particles

A

A particles smaller than an atom or a cluster of such particles. (Ex. neutron proton or electron.)

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9
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged subatomic particle.

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10
Q

 Electron

A

Negatively charged subatomic particle.

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

The central region of an atom that contains the protons and neutrons.

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12
Q

Atomic number

A

 The number of protons in an atom. determines which element it is.

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13
Q

Mass number

A

The sum of a number of protons in neutrons in an atom’s nucleus.

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14
Q

Isotope

A

Alternate mass forms of an element.

Have the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons.

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15
Q

Neutron

A

Electrically neutral subatomic particle.

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16
Q

Radioisotope

A

Nucleus decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.

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17
Q

Compound

A

Substances that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio. (Molecules are held together by covalent bonds).

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18
Q

Molecule

A

Holds together atoms via covalent bonds.

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19
Q

Chemical formula

A

Describes a chemical composition of a substance. Ex. NaCl

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20
Q

Molecular formula

A

Actual numbers of each type of atom per molecule.

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21
Q

Structural formula

A

Arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

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22
Q

Chemical reaction

A

Process in which one or more substances, or reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, known as products.

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23
Q

Chemical equation

A

Representation of a chemical reaction using symbols of the elements to indicate the amount of substance, usually in moles, of each reactant and product.

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24
Q

Reactant

A

 Substance that participates in a chemical reaction.

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25
Q

Product

A

Substance formed by a chemical reaction.

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26
Q

Electron shell

A

Groups of orbitals of electrons with similar energies.

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27
Q

Orbital

A

Region in which electrons occur in an atom or molecule.

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28
Q

Valence electrons

A

Electrons in the outer electron shell, known as the valance shell, of an atom; in the formation of chemical bond an atom can accept electrons into its valance shell or donate or share valence electrons.

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29
Q

Chemical bond

A

Force of attraction between atoms in a compound.

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30
Q

Covalent bond

A

The chemical bond involving shared pairs of electrons; maybe single, double, or triple.

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31
Q

Ionic bond

A

The chemical attraction between a cation and an anion.

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32
Q

Ion

A

An atom group of atoms is bearing one or more units of electrical charge, either positive (cation) or negative (anion).

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33
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion.

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34
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion.

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35
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A weak attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds.

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36
Q

Polar molecule

A

Molecule with an uneven distribution of charge

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37
Q

Solvent

A

 Substance capable of dissolving other substances.

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38
Q

Solute

A

A dissolved substance.

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39
Q

Hydration

A

Each ion in a solution is surrounded by oppositely charged ends of the water molecules.

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40
Q

Cohesion

A

The tendency of water molecules to stick together.

41
Q

Adhesion

A

When water sticks to other substances.

42
Q

Capillary action

A

The ability of water to move in small-diameter tubes as a consequence of its cohesive and adhesive properties.

43
Q

Surface tension

A

The measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.

44
Q

Acid

A

A chemical compound that releases H+ to a solution. 

45
Q

Base

A

A compound that accepts H+ and removes them from the solution.

46
Q

pH scale

A

Describes the acidity of a solution.

47
Q

Buffer

A

Substances that resist pH change.

48
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Small, simple substances. Biologically important groups include water simple acids and bases, and simple salts.

49
Q

Organic compounds

A

Generally large, complex carbon containing compounds.

50
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Inorganic compound composed solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms.

51
Q

Macromolecule

A

Large biological molecules.

52
Q

Polymer

A

A macromolecule built up from repeating subunits of the same general type (monomers).

53
Q

Monomer

A

A molecule that can link with other similar molecules. Make up polymers.

54
Q

Condensation reaction

A

A reaction in which to monomers are combined covalently through the removal of the equivalent of a water molecule.

55
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaks bonds between monomers, add a molecule of water, and reverses the dehydration reaction.

56
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Includes polymers of sugar. Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O.

57
Q

Starches

A

Energy stored in plants.

58
Q

Glycogen

A

Energy stored in animals.

59
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural polysaccharide in plants .

60
Q

Lipid

A

Nonpolar compounds insoluble in water. Includes fats, phospholipids, carotenoids, steroids, and waxes. Used for energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and key hormones.

61
Q

Monosaccharide

A

One sugar unit.

62
Q

Disaccharide.

A

Two sugar units.

63
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Many sugar units.

64
Q

Complex carbohydrate

A

Polysaccharides, polymers of monosaccharides potentially consisting of thousands of bonded sugar molecules.

65
Q

Nonpolar

A

Compounds insoluble in water.

66
Q

Triglyceride, consists of a glycerol molecule, joined with three fatty acid molecules.

A
67
Q

Triglyceride

A

Consist of a glycerol molecule, joined with three fatty acid molecules.

68
Q

Glycerol

A

A component of triacylglycerols and phospholipids.

69
Q

Fatty acid

A

A lipid that is an organic acid containing a long hydrocarbon chain, but double bonds (saturated fatty acid), one double bond (monosaturated fatty acid), or two or more double bonds (polyunsaturated fatty acid).

70
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Solid at room temperature. A lipid that is an organic acid containing a long hydrocarbon chain, with no double bonds.

71
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

A lipid that is an organic acid containing a long hydrocarbon chain, with one or more double bonds. Liquid at room temperature.

72
Q

Steroid

A

Lipid. Very different from fats in structure and function. The carbon skeleton is bent to form for fuse rings. For example, cholesterol.

73
Q

Cholesterol

A

Key component of cell membranes. The “base steroid” from with your body produces other steroids, such as estrogen and testosterone.

74
Q

Phospholipid

A

Amphipathic lipid, with one hydrophilic end and one hydrophobic end.

75
Q

Amphiphathic

A

Containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.

76
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Interacting readily with water; having a greater affinity for water molecules than they have for each other.

77
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Not readily interacting with water; having less affinity for water molecules and they have for each other.

78
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

Phospholipids form lipid bilayers in which the hydrophilic heads interact with water in the hydrophobic tails are in the bilayer interior.

79
Q

Protein

A

Macromolecules composed of amino acids. Polymer.

80
Q

Amino acid

A

An organic compound containing an amino group and a carboxal group; may be joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain.

81
Q

Enzyme

A

Chemicals that change the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed in the process.

82
Q

R group

A

Specific side chain that is attached to the a carbon. Decides the chemical versatility of the amino acid.

83
Q

Peptide bond

A

A distinctive covalent carbon-to-nitrogen bond that links amino acids in peptides and proteins.

84
Q

Polypeptide

A

A compound consisting of a chain of amino acid groups linked by peptide bonds.

85
Q

Primary structure

A

The sequence of amino acids in a protein. Slight change affects the proteins ability to function.

86
Q

Secondary structure

A

Irregular geometric shape produced by hydrogen bonding between the atoms of uniform peptide backbone.

87
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide that is determined by characteristics involving the amino acid side chains.

88
Q

Quaternary structure

A

The overall configuration of a protein produced by the interaction of two or more polypeptide chains.

89
Q

Denature

A

To alter the physical properties in three-dimensional structure of a protein, nucleic acid, or other macromolecule by treating with excess heat, strong acids, or strong bases.

90
Q

Essential amino acid

A

A nutrient that must be provided in the diet because the body cannot make it or cannot make it insufficient quantities to meet nutritional needs.

91
Q

Nucleus acids

A

Transmit hereditary information and determine what proteins in a cell manufactures.

92
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Makes the hereditary material of the cell (genes) and contains instructions for making proteins and RNA.

93
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Used in processes that link amino acids to form polypeptides.

94
Q

Nucleotides

A

Monomers that make up nucleic acid polymers. Each nucleotide contains a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogen containing base.

95
Q

Uracil

A

A nitrogenous pyrimidine base found in RNA.

96
Q

Adenine 

A

A nitrogenous purine base that is a component of nucleic acids and ATP.

97
Q

Cytosine

A

A nitrogenous pyrimidine base that is a component of nucleic acids.

98
Q

Guanine

A

A nitrogenous purine base that is a component of nucleic acids and GTP.

99
Q

Thymine

A

A nitrogenous pyrimidine base found in DNA.

BI 211 (9 decks)

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