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BI 211 > Chapter 12 and 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 and 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Fredrick Griffith experiment

A

So that something a lethal strain of bacteria could transform a harmless strain into a lethal strain. Later it was discovered the DNA was transmitted between lethal and harmless bacteria.

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2
Q

Transformation

A

The process by which exogenous DNA is transferred into a host cell.

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3
Q

Oswald Avery experiment

A

Separated the contents of S cells into lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. Only nucleic acids cause transformation. This was the first demonstration that DNA is genetic material.

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4
Q

Hershey Chase experiment

A

Worked with bacterial phages. Phages reproduce inside of bacterial cell, causing it to break open to release large numbers of new viruses.

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5
Q

Bacteriophages (phages)

A

Type of virus that infects bacteria

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6
Q

Double helix

A

Physical structure of DNA. Each strand has backbone made of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups.

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7
Q

X-ray diffraction

A

Phenomenon in which the atoms of a crystal, by virtue of their uniform spacing, cause an interference pattern of waves present in an incident beam of x-rays.

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8
Q

Nucleotide

A

DNA building block

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9
Q

Deoxyribose

A

Pentose sugar found in nucleotide.

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10
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

Found in nucleotides. Attached to 1’ carbon of the sugar.

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11
Q

Adenine (A)

A

Nitrogenous base

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12
Q

Guanine (G)

A

Nitrogenous base

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13
Q

Thymine (T)

A

Nitrogenous base

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14
Q

Cytosine (C)

A

Nitrogenous base.

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15
Q

Chargaff’s rules

A

Complimentary base pairing.
A pairs with T
G pairs with C

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16
Q

Complimentary base pairing

A

A pairs with T

G pairs with C

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17
Q

Antiparallel

A

Opposite directions

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18
Q

Purine

A

Used to make building blocks of DNA and RNA.

Includes adenine and guanine.

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19
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Used to make DNA and RNA.

Includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

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20
Q

Template strand

A

The DNA sequence that can duplicate itself during mRNA synthesis.

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21
Q

Complimentary base pairing

A

The manor in which the nitrogenous bases of the DNA molecules align with each other.

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22
Q

3’ end

A

End of the molecule that terminates in a 3’ phosphate group.

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23
Q

5’ end

A

End of the molecule which terminates in a 5’ phosphate group

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24
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

Two identical DNA double helices are produced, each consisting of one original strand from the parent molecule and one newly synthesized complementary strand.

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25
Q

Conservative replication

A

Both parent (old strands) might remain together, and the two newly synthesized strands would form a second double helix.

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26
Q

Dispersive replication

A

Parental and newly synthesized strands become randomly mixed during the replication process.

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27
Q

Origins of replication

A

Where DNA replication begins and double helix unwinds.

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28
Q

DNA helicase

A

Travels along the helix, opening the double helix like a zipper, forming a replication fork.

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29
Q

Replication fork

A

The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand.

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30
Q

Single strand binding proteins (SSB)

A

Prevent helix from reforming until strand is replicated.

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31
Q

Topoisomerases

A

Produce breaks in the DNA molecules and the rejoin the strands, preventing knot formation during replication.

32
Q

RNA primer

A

(15-24) nucleotides are made where replication begins, starts process

33
Q

DNA primase

A

Synthesizes RNA primer

34
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Links nucleotide subunits. Adds nucleotides only to the 3’ end (hydroxyl group) of an existing polynucleotide strand.

35
Q

Leading strand

A

Adds nucleotides continuously to the 3’ end of the new strand that is always growing toward the replication fork

36
Q

Lagging strand

A

Adds nucleotides discontinuously to the 3’ end of the new strand that is growing away from the replication fork.

37
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

100-2000 nucleotide fragments. Synthesized on the lagging strand since the lagging strand is growing away from the spot that is being unzipped (replication fork)

38
Q

DNA ligase

A

Joins Okazaki fragments.

39
Q

Replication bubble

A

Unwound and open region in a DNA helix where DNA replication occurs.

40
Q

Telomere

A

The end of a chromosome. Made of repetitive sequences of non-coding DNA that protect the chromosome from damage.

41
Q

RNA

A

Acid in the chromosomes of the cells of living things which plays an important part in passing information about protein structure between different cells

42
Q

Uracil (U)

A

Nucleotide base in RNA

43
Q

Genotype

A

An organisms DNA

44
Q

Phenotype

A

An organism’s physical features

45
Q

Transcription

A

The transfer of genetic material from DNA into an RNA molecule

46
Q

Translation

A

The transfer of information from RNA into a protein

47
Q

mRNA

A

Carry the genetic information needed to make proteins.

48
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Links nucleotide subunits to form a new DNA strand complimentary to a DNA template

49
Q

Promoter region

A

A region of DNA where RNA polymerase begins to transcribe a gene.

50
Q

Initiation of transcription

A

RNA polymerase unwinds DNA double helix and initiates RNA synthesis

51
Q

Elongation of transcription

A

Additional nucleotides are added to 3’ end of RNA molecule. DNA double helix re-forms following transcription.

52
Q

Termination of transcription

A

RNA polymerase recognizes termination sequence. RNA transcript and RNA polymerase are released.

53
Q

Initiation of translation

A

Ribosome gets together with the mRNA and the first tRNA so translation can begin.

54
Q

Elongation of translation

A

Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNAs and linked together to form a chain.

55
Q

Termination of translation

A

The ribosome reaches a stop codon (UAA), UAG, and UGA.)

56
Q

Leader sequence

A

A sequence of nucleotides at the 5’ end of mRNA (and on DNA), upstream of the start codon for translation. Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

57
Q

Codon

A

A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.

58
Q

Start codon

A

Follows the leader sequence and signals the beginning of the coding sequence for the protein.

59
Q

Stop codon

A

At the end of each coding sequence (UAA, UGA, UAG), signals the end of a protein.

60
Q

5’ (7-methylguanosine) cap

A

Protects the transcript from being broken down. Helps the ribosome attach to the mRNA and start reading it to make a protein.

61
Q

Poly-A tail (polyadwnation signal)

A

Long chain of adenine nucleotides that is added to a mRNA molecule during RNA processing to increase the stability of the molecule

62
Q

Pre-mRNA

A

The first form of RNA created through transcription in protein synthesis.

63
Q

Intron

A

Intervening sequences

64
Q

Exon

A

Expressed sequenced which are parts of the protein-coding sequence

65
Q

Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex

A

Protein RNA complex composed of specific snRNP-associated proteins along with snRNAs. Non coding RNA molecules abundant in the nucleus

66
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Adaptor molecules that translate genetic information into protein sequence by delivering amino acids to the protein synthesis machinery during translation.

67
Q

Anticodon

A

Trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a tRNA molecule, which is complementary to a corresponding codon in a mRNA sequence.

68
Q

Small ribosomal subunit

A

Programs protein synthesis. Binds with mRNA and mediates the interaction between mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons.

69
Q

Large ribosomal subunit

A

Composed of two RNA strands: a long one colored orange and a shorter one colored yellow. Catalyses the key chemical event in protein synthesis, peptide bond formation.

70
Q

P site

A

(Peptidyl) binds the tRNA, holds the growing protein.

71
Q

A site

A

(Aminoacyl) site of entry for next RNA

72
Q

E site

A

Exit

73
Q

Release factor

A

A type of translation factor that triggers translation termination.

74
Q

Gene mutation

A

A change in one or more genes resulting in genetic disorders or illnesses.

75
Q

Base substation

A

The simplest type of gene-level mutation, involve the swapping of one nucleotide for another during DNA replication

76
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

An insertion or deletion involving a number of base pairs that is not a multiple of three, which consequently disrupts the triplet reading frame of a DNA sequence.

BI 211 (9 decks)

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