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BI 211 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA

A

Molecule inside cells that contains genetic info responsible for the development and function of an organism.

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2
Q

Genes

A

Basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child. Made up of sequenced of DNA and are arranged, one after another, at specific locations on chromosomes in the nucleus of cells.

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3
Q

Parent cell

A

Cell that divides to give rise to two daughter cells.

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4
Q

Daughter cell

A

Either of the two identical cells that form when a cell divides.

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5
Q

Chromosome

A

Found inside the nucleus of the cell. Made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes. Normally 23 pairs in each cell.

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6
Q

Chromatin

A

Mixture of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes found in cells of human and other higher organisms.

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7
Q

Histone

A

A type of protein found in chromosomes. Binds to DNA, helps give chromosomes their shape, and help control the activity of genes.

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8
Q

Nucleosome

A

A section of DNA that is wrapped around a core of proteins.

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9
Q

Scaffolding protein

A

Members of the signaling cascade downstream of cell surface receptors. Help relay the message between the cell membrane and nucleus faster.

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10
Q

Condensin

A

Multi-subunit protein complex that plays primary roles in chromosome assembly and segregation in eukaryotes.

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11
Q

Somatic cell

A

Cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells. In humans they are diploid, containing two sets of chromosomes l, one inherited from each parent.

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12
Q

Karyotype

A

An individual’s complete set of chromosomes.

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13
Q

Sex chromosome

A

A type of chromosome involved in sex determination. Humans and most other mammals have two sex chromosomes, X and Y, that in combination determine the sex in individuals.

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14
Q

Mitosis

A

Process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that occurs when a parent cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.

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15
Q

Binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies.

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16
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes. In humans, somatic cells are diploid, containing two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).

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17
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis , bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

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18
Q

Z ring

A

Functions as a scaffold for cell division proteins and is an obvious target for regulating the site of cytokinesis.

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19
Q

Cell cycle

A

Four stage process in which the cell increases in size (gap 1, or G1 stage), copies it’s DNA (synthesis, or S, stage), prepares to divide (gap 2, or G2, stage), and divides (mitosis l, or M, stage).

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20
Q

Interphase

A

The phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. “Daily living” or metabolic phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them, grows, replicated its DNA, in preparation for mitosis, and conducts other normal cell functions.

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21
Q

G1 phase

A

Growth and normal metabolism; between the end of mitosis and the beginning of S phase.

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22
Q

S phase

A

DNA replicates and histone proteins are synthesized

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23
Q

G2 phase

A

Protein synthesis increased in preparation for division.

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24
Q

Mitotic M phase

A

Includes mitosis, in which the nuclei and its contents divide evenly into two daughter nuclei. Also included cytokinesis, in which the cytoplasm is divided into two.

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25
Q

Chromatid

A

One of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division.

26
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Either one of the two identical chromatids that are formed by replication of a chromosome during the S-phase of the cell cycle, are joined by a centromere, and segregate into separate daughter cells during anaphase.

27
Q

Centriole

A

Help to arrange the microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division to ensure each daughter cell receives the appropriate number of chromosomes.

28
Q

Centromere

A

The region of the chromosome to which the spindle fibers attach during cell division. Both mitosis and meiosis.

29
Q

Kinetochore prophase

A

A protein complex that assembles at the centromeric region of the chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.

30
Q

Prometaphase

A

Second phase of mitosis. The physical barrier that encloses a nucleus, called the nuclear envelope, breaks down.

31
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Microtubule baseball bipolar structure that segregates the chromosomes in mitosis. Made up of centrosomes and the chromosomes are lined up at the spindle equator to ensure their correct bi-orientation segregation.

32
Q

Metaphase

A

The nucleus dissolves in the cell chromosomes condense and move together, along in the center of the dividing cell.

33
Q

Metaphase plate

A

Plane cell section in the equatorial plane of the metaphase spindle having a chromosomes oriented upon it.

34
Q

Anaphase

A

The fourth phase of mitosis, the process that separates to duplicate a genetic material carried in the nucleus of a plant cell into two identical daughter cells.

35
Q

Telophase

A

The final stage of cell division, between anaphase in interphase, in which the chromatids are chromosomes move to the opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

36
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

The indentation at the center of a dividing cell, which in grasses into a bridge that connects the two daughter cells.

37
Q

Cell plate

A

A plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that is involved in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells.

38
Q

Cell-cycle checkpoints

A

Surveillance mechanisms of monitor the order, integrity, and fidelity of major events of the cell cycle. These include growth to the appropriate Celsius, the replication integrity of chromosomes, and they’re accurate segregation at mitosis.

39
Q

Tumor

A

An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should.

40
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Involves a single parent. Results in offspring that are genetically identical to each other into the parent. All prokaryotes and some eukaryotes produce this way.

41
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Occurs when the sperm from the male parent fertilizes an egg from the female parent, producing offspring that are genetically different from both parents.

42
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm).

43
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

The total number of chromosomes in diploid cells is described as 2n, which is twice the number of chromosomes in a haploid cell (1n).

44
Q

Haploid (1n)

A

A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes. The haploid number is produced during meiosis.

45
Q

Germ cell

A

A reproductive cell of the body. Germ cells are egg cells in females in sperm cells in males.

46
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes in a pair, normally one inherited from mother and one from the father.

47
Q

Allele

A

One of a pair of jeans that appear at a particular location on a particular chromosome and control the same characteristics.

48
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Reduces the number of chromosomes by half. Shuffle genetic information.

49
Q

Meiosis II

A

Produced 4 haploid (1n) cells.

50
Q

Prophase 1

A

The complex of DNA in protein known as chromatin condenses to form chromosomes. The pairs of replicated chromosomes are known as sister chromatids, and they remain joined at essential point called the centromere.

51
Q

Crossing over

A

Refers to the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells (meiosis).

52
Q

Genetic recombination

A

A process by which pieces of DNA are broken down and we combine to produce new combinations of alleles. Creates genetic diversity at the level of genes that reflects differences in the DNA sequences of different organisms.

53
Q

Synapsis

A

The pairing of homologous chromosomes, one from each parent, during early meiosis.

54
Q

Metaphase 1

A

the alignment of paired to homologous chromosomes along a single plane in the center of the cell.

55
Q

Anaphase 1

A

The separation of paired homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell.

56
Q

Telophase 1

A

They homologous chromosomes separate into separate nuclei. The cell reforms is nuclear envelope, disassembles spindle fibers microtubules and proceeds to cytokinesis.

57
Q

Prophase II

A

Disintegration of nucleolus in nuclear envelope, the shortening and thickening of the chromatids, and the replication and movement of centrosomes to polar regions.

58
Q

Metaphase II

A

The alignment of chromosomes along a single plant in the center of the cell.

59
Q

Anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids of every chromosome separate and begin to move toward the opposite ends of the cell.

60
Q

Telophase II

A

The complete movement separation of the chromosomes to the opposite ends of the cell.

61
Q

Random alignment of chromosomes during metaphase I

A

Contributes to variation in gametes produced by meiosis. Random alignment leads new combination of treats.

62
Q

Random fertilization

A

Source of genetic variation caused by the unlimited number of possible sperm and egg combinations.

BI 211 (9 decks)

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