Chapter 7

Question 1

Energy

Answer 1

The capacity to cause change

Question 2

Kinetic energy

Answer 2

The energy of motion

Question 3

Potential energy

Answer 3

Stored energy. Energy that an object has because of its location or structure.

Question 4

Chemical potential energy

Answer 4

a type of potential energy stored in the chemical bonds between atoms and molecules.

Question 5

Thermodynamics

Answer 5

The study of energy. Transformation that occur in a collection of matter.

Question 6

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 6

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy in the universe is constant. However, energy can change form from one form to another.

Question 7

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 7

Energy transformations increase disorder (entropy), mostly as heat (which organisms use anyway).

Question 8

Entropy

Answer 8

A measure of randomness or disorder in a system.

Question 9

Heat

Answer 9

A form of energy that is transferred from between objects due to a temperature difference

Question 10

Anabolism

Answer 10

Reactions that require energy input: products contain more energy than reactants.

Question 11

Catabolism

Answer 11

Reactions that release energy; reactions contain more energy than products.

Question 12

Principle of the conservation of energy

Answer 12

Total energy is conserved. Energy cannot be breathed or destroyed. Energy can be converted from one form to another.

Question 13

ATP

Answer 13

Adenosine triphosphate is a nucleotide that temporarily stores energy to transfer it around the cell. All cells rely on the potential energy transferred by ATP to power chemical reactions.

Question 14

ADP

Answer 14

If a cell needs to spend energy to accomplish a task, the ATP molecule splits off one of its three phosphates, becoming ADP (Adenosine di-phosphate) + phosphate. The energy holding that phosphate molecule is now released and available to do work for the cell.

Question 15

Metabolism

Answer 15

All chemical reactions in an organism.

Question 16

Exergonic

Answer 16

Energy releasing

Question 17

Endergonic

Answer 17

Energy consuming

Question 18

Metabolic pathway

Answer 18

A series of metabolic reactions

Question 19

Enzyme

Answer 19

a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

Question 20

Free energy

Answer 20

(G) portion of a system’s energy that can do work

Question 21

Spontaneous

Answer 21

Releases free energy. Occurs without input of matter or electrical energy into a system.

Question 22

Activation energy

Answer 22

the energy required for a reaction to occur, and determines its rate

Question 23

Active site of enzyme

Answer 23

the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.

Question 24

Competitive inhibition

Answer 24

interruption of a chemical pathway owing to one chemical substance inhibiting the effect of another by competing with it for binding or bonding

Question 25

Non competitive inhibition

Answer 25

a type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate

Question 26

Allosteric reaction

Answer 26

allosteric regulation is the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme’s active site.

Question 27

Coopertivity

Answer 27

a phenomenon displayed by enzymes or receptors that have multiple binding sites where the affinity of the binding sites for a ligand is increased, positive cooperativity, or decreased, negative cooperativity, upon the binding of a ligand to a binding site.